Download - Chapter Four: The Roman Legacy
Chapter Four:The Roman Legacy
Culture and Values, 6th Ed.Cunningham and Reich
The Importance of Rome
Cultural achievements Assimilation of influences
Role of musicHistorical division:
Monarchy/ Etruscan Age (753-510 B.C.E.)Republican Rome (509-31 B.C.E.)Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. - C.E. 476)
The Etruscans and Their ArtRome founded in mid-8th c. by LatinsEtruscans gained control by 616 B.C.E.
Urban centers, engineeringSocial, leisure activitiesTrade, expansion
Etruscan ArtPrimitive but sophisticated, natural focusValue emotion over intellectual appeal
[Image 4.2]Capitoline She-Wolf
[Image 4.3]Apollo of Veii
[Image 4.4]Wall painting from the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing
Republican Rome
Etruscan expulsion in 510 B.C.E.New government
Consuls, Senate, Patricians/Plebeians
Political equality / Balance of PowerHortensian Law
Increasing power / expansionSocial and political unrest civil war
[Image 4.6]The Roman Forum
Literary Developments During the Republic
Ennius (239-169 B.C.E.)AnnalsTragedies adapted from Greek models
Plautus (254-184 B.C.E.) and Terence (185-159 B.C.E.)Roman adaptations of Greek comedies
Catullus (80-54 B.C.E.)Roman lyric poetryInfluenced by Sappho
Literary Developments During the Republic
Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.)CommentariesAssassinated on March 15, 44 B.C.E.
Marcus Tullius CiceroLawyer, oratorEpistolary legacy
Roman Philosophy and Law Epicureanism
Founded by Epicurus (341-271 B.C.E.)Extolled by Lucretius (99-55 B.C.E.)
Intellectual and rational vs. self-indulgentOn the Nature of Things
Gods play no part in human affairsPleasure and calm composure
Roman Philosophy and LawStoicism
World governed by ReasonRole of Divine ProvidenceRoman Stoics
SenecaEpictetusMarcus Aurelius
Roman Philosophy and Law
Julius Caesar’s Ius CivileLaw of the Twelve TabletsJustinian’s Corpus Iuris CivilisRoman science of law
Legal experts
Natural justice
Republican Art and Architecture
Roman portraitureRealistic detailsExpress outer appearance and inner characterPropagandistic
Architecture as political mediumPublic buildings for glory of leaders
[Image 4.7]Bust of Cicero
Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. - C.E. 476)
Julius Caesar assassinated 44 B.C.E.Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E.)
Octavian vs. Mark AntonyOctavian inaugurated as Augustus (27 B.C.E.)Vast, multiethnic empireEmperor, bureaucracy, civil serviceRoman army
Augustan Literature: Vergil
Roman art promoted Augustan worldviewOfficial, public, served state purposes
Vergil’s AeneidTribute to Rome and AugustusNational epic of RomeHuman destiny and personal responsibility
Eclogues (Bucolics) and Georgics
[Image 4.9]View of the Garden from the villa of Livia
and Augustus
Augustan Sculpture
Ara PacisCharacteristics of Vergil’s poetryPolitical and social messageDedicated to the spirit of PeaceCelebrates the abundance of nature
Augustus of Prima PortaVictory over ParthiansNational pride
Evidence of Pompeii
Vesuvius: August 24, C.E. 79Pliny the YoungerPreservation of ordinary Pompeian life
BuildingsDomestic ornamentsFood
Roman Imperial Architecture
Triumphal arches, internal arches, vaultsBarrel VaultDome (hemispherical vault)
Hadrian’s Pantheon and imperial foraDome, oculus
Engineering AchievementsAqueducts (Pont du Gard)Covered sewers
Rome as the Object of Satire
OvercrowdingHumble private residencesJuvenal (C.E. 60-130)
Satirical poet (sixteen Satires)Biting sarcasmMisogyny
The End of the Roman Empire
Gradual decline and political disunityInsufficient army / use of mercenary troopsIncreased taxes, decreased value of moneyImpossibility of trade
Emperor Diocletian (284-305)Emperor Constantine (306-337)Deposition of Romulus Augustulus (476)
Late Roman Art and Architecture
Last great Roman imperial buildingsBasilica of ConstantinePalace of Diocletian
Abandonment of Classical idealsLack of perspective and precisionEnthusiasm for Eastern religious cultsRole of Christianity
Chapter Four: Discussion QuestionsIn what ways did the vast acquisition of land affect the Roman Republic? Consider the social, political, and economic implications.Discuss the absence of original literature and visual art in Republican Rome. What elements prevented the creation of new artistic expression? What were the priorities of the Republican culture?How did Imperial Rome allow for socio-economic mobility and create a “middle-class”? What was the effect of this on the Imperial government? Explain.Explain the propagandistic value of Vergil’s Aeneid. In what ways does it support both the reign of Augustus and the superiority of the Roman Empire?