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Chapter 9
The High Middle Ages
1050-1450
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Royal PowerKings were heads of society
Had limited power–relied on vassals for military support
Church & nobles had just as much powerEach collected their own taxesEach had own courtsEach had own army
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Kings centralize power
Royal courts Government bureaucracy – hired middle-class
workers Taxes – merchants paid for protection Built armies – used tax money to hire
mercenaries Strengthened ties to middle class
Protected roads Reduced tolls Freed them from feudal obligations
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Royal power in England
Edward the Confessor – died without an heir
Harold of Wessex & William, Duke of Normandy claimed the crown
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1066: The Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror
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William the Conqueror
Grants land to Church & Norman lords Kept large amount for himself
All vassals had to swear allegiance to William
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Domesday Book
A complete census – listed everything of value in England
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Other Kings of England
Henry I – created the Royal Exchequer Replaced nobles with paid officialsNobles pay taxes with money not military
service
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Other Kings of England
Henry II- one of England’s great kingsMade royal law the law of the landCreated royal judges – circuit court systemDecisions became English Common LawThe law the same for everyoneCreated the grand jury system & trial jury
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Thomas Becket
Archbishop of CanterburyHenry II wanted to try clergy in royal courts1170 Becket murdered Created power struggle between
monarchs of England & church
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King John
Very greedy, cruel, untrustworthy, & incompetent warrior
Loses most of England’s land in France to Philip II Becomes known as John Softsword
Dispute with Pope Innocent III - John excommunicated Forced England to become a papal fief – pay annual
fee to pope
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Magna Carta – Great Charter
1215 John forced to sign by group of nobles Limited king’s power No imprisonment without judge by peers Right to face accuser King must obey laws No taxation without consent
Become the basis for the U.S. Constitution
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The Great Council
By 1200s evolves into Parliament1295 – Edward I summons Parliament –
wanted money for wars in FranceModel Parliament – sets up frame work
for English legislatureHouse of LordsHouse of Commons“Power of the Purse” England now a limited monarchy
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France
Early French kings – very little power987- Hugh Capet – Count of Paris – start
of absolute monarchy in France Capetians ruled for next 300 years
Slowly Capet & his heirs increased powerWon support of ChurchPlayed nobles against each otherBuilt effective bureaucracyGained support of middle class
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Philip II – Philip Augustus
Paid government workers – all middle class
Created new national taxesOrganized standing armyUsed trickery, war and diplomacy to
increased lands
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Louis IX
Declared a saint by Catholic ChurchA model monarch
Noble, Generous, Devoted to justicePersecuted heretics and JewsFought against MuslimsEnded serfdomExpanded royal courts
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Philip IV
Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII over taxing of the clergy in France
Sent troops to capture the pope Pope escaped but was badly beaten and died shortly
Gained support of the people through the Estates General
Persecuted the Order of the Knights Templar – April 13, 1307 – Friday the 13th
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Babylonian Captivity A 67 year period when the pope lived in Avignon, France
Philip IV got College of Cardinals to elect a French archbishop popeNew pope called Clement VMoved the papacy to Avignon,
FrancePopes became viewed as pawns of
French kings
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Holy Roman Empire
936 – Otto I took the title of king of Germany
Close to Church – appointed bishops & abbots to high government jobs
Gained the right of lay investiture Defeated the Magyars – Battle of
Lechfield Pope crowned him Emperor of the
Romans
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Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Emperor could have been strongest monarchy in EuropeClaimed authority over most of central &
eastern Europe, parts of Italy & FranceElected monarch not hereditary
Control really in the hands of the emperor’s vassals Emperor needed to control nobles
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Holy Roman Empire
Emperors thought they were protectors of Italy & pope
Constantly interfering in Italian affairsWanted to control rich cities of northern Italy
Results: conflict between emperors and popes over lay investiture – appointing of church officials by a lay person
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Holy Roman Empire
Gregory VII – 1073 – issue eruptedWanted the Church to be independent of
secular rulersSaid only the pope could appoint & install
bishopsHoly Roman Emperor Henry IV refused to
agree1076 Pope excommunicates Henry IV
Henry IV forced to beg forgiveness
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Holy Roman Empire
1122- issue settled with the Concordat of Worms Church sole power to elect & invest bishopsEmperor had the right to invest them with their
fief
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Holy Roman Empire
Frederick I – Frederick Barbarossa tried & failed to gain control of ItalyDefeated by the Lombard League
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Holy Roman Empire
Frederick II – also tried to control ItalySpent most of his time in ItalyResult: nobles within Holy Roman Empire
grew independent & Germany will remain fragmented (united in mid 1800s)
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Catholic Church
Pope Innocent III – Pope in 1198Claimed supremacy over all rulersClashed with all the powerful rulers of his day
With help of Philip II of France launched a crusade against the Albigensians of southern France – tens of thousands killed
After his death the power of the popes starts to decline
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The Crusades
Byzantine Emperor – Alexius I asked pope Urban II for help Seljuk Turks – new converts to
Islam had invaded Constantinople and the Holy Land
1095 – Council of Clermont - Called for Christian knights to reclaim Holy Land
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The Crusades
Reason to join Crusades:Religious zealLure of land & wealthAdventure/escape from troubles at homeThose who fought & died received salvationChurch protected family & property while
awayDebtors had debts forgiven & criminals
relieved of punishment
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The Crusades
Pope Urban II reasons:Thought it would increase church power &
prestigeUnite the 2 branches of the Christian churchReduce feudal warfare in EuropeLands in Middle east provide outlet for
Europe’s growing population
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The Crusades
1095- Peasant Crusade – Peter the Hermit
Convinced the poor they were going to heaven
In Asia Minor – massacred by the Turks
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The First Crusade
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The Crusades
The First Crusade – 1096-1099 Only successful crusadeCaptured Antioch, JerusalemCreated 4 small Crusader states
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The Crusades
The Second Crusade – 1147- started after Muslims recaptured Edessa and threatened Jerusalem – poor planning and division among the nobles caused it to fail
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The Crusades
Third Crusade – 1189-1199 Started when Saladin, Seljuk Turk leader
recaptured JerusalemKnown as the Crusade of the Three
Kings – Frederick I, Philip II & Richard the Lion HeartedFrederick I – Barbarossa – drowns on the wayPhilip II of France gets mad at Richard the
Lion Hearted & goes home
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The Crusades
Richard fails to capture Jerusalem but forces a truce which allowed Christians to visit Jerusalem
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The Crusades
Fourth Crusade – 1202 – called by Pope Innocent III
Crusaders attack the Christian city of ZaraAll excommunicated
1204 attacked ConstantinopleSeriously weakened the Byzantine EmpireCrusaders looted the city
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The Crusades
1212- Children’s Crusade – 20,000 kidsAll sold into slavery in North Africa
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Results & Impact of the Crusades
Crusades were unsuccessful in reclaiming the Holy Land but they had a big impact on Western EuropeLeft a bitter legacy & religious hatredIncreased trade between Near East & EuropePower of Roman Catholic Church decreasedIncreased power of the monarchs
New taxesDeath of many feudal lords
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Results & Impact of the Crusades
Encouraged the growth of money economyEurope gained wider view of the worldNew weapons & military tactics
Crossbow, catapults, carrier pigeons & possibly the use of gunpowder
Status of women changed – controlled land while husbands were away
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Spain
The Muslims had conquered most of Spain in the 700s
Spain became a center of Islamic civilization Scholars preserved Greek & Roman texts
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Spanish Reconquista
1100s & 1200s Spanish knights launched their own crusade known was the Reconquista or the reconquest
By 1250 Muslims held only kingdom of Granada
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Spanish Reconquista
Central Spain – Kingdom of AragonNortheast Spain – Kingdom of Castile1469 – Queen Isabella of Castile married
Ferdinand of AragonUnites SpainThey use the common people to get power
from nobles1492 capture last Muslim city of Granada
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Spain
United Spain both politically & religiouslyEnded the policy of religious toleration of
Muslims & JewsCaused economic problems Revived the Inquisition
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Medieval Education
Universities – many will be taken over by the ChurchMost students trained for high positions in the
Church/governmentTook courses in all areas- Math, Science,
Language, etc.Very similar to guilds
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Medieval Education
Student life at these universities hardLong hours sitting on hard benches in
unheated roomsBooks scarce & expensiveStudent day from 5AM till 5PMNo regular classroomsTook 3 to 5 years to complete the work
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Medieval Medicine
Some had read HippocratesMost used folk medicineBelieved illness caused by the devil or evil
spirits
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Conflict in Learning
Debate between faith & reason- Scholasticism – used reason & logic to support Christian beliefs
Thomas Aquinas – Summa TheologicaMan’s ability to reason was a gift from God
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Medieval Literature
1100s & 1200s – new style – writing in the vernacular – everyday language
Townspeople enjoyed fablesNobility liked chanson de geste
Song of Roland – FranceEl Cid – SpainSiegfried – GermanBeowulf –England
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Medieval Literature
Dante- Italian poet – The Divine Comedy
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Medieval Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer – English – The Canterbury Tales
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Medieval Architecture
Cathedrals – starting in 1100s – towns competed for the best
Projects could take 30 years or more to complete
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Medieval Architecture
Two styles:Romanesque – influenced by Romans –
rounded arches, domed roof, columns, slits for windows, few statues
Gothic – very tall & airy, flying buttress, many windows made of stained glass, lots of statues in relief, pointed arches
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Black Death
Also known as the bubonic plague-bubaArrived in Genoa, Italy in 1347 by way of
Sicily—fleas on rats carried diseaseBetween 1347 & 1352 – kills 25 million or
1/3 of Europe’s population
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Effects of the plague
Society torn apart as a result of plagueWhole towns & villages disappearedPeople turn to witchcraft & magic for
protectionFlagellants-traveled from town to town
beating themselvesChristians blamed Jews- forced to flee
into eastern Europe
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Effects of the plague
Decline in population = labor shortageSerfdom disappears as the manor
economy is destroyedTrade declinesWorkers demand higher wages
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Church Troubles
Monarchs opposed Church’s political power
Monarchs could not tax church landChurch’s were getting involved in
politics
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Great Schism
1378 – Pope Gregory XI diedCollege of Cardinals elected Pope Urban
VI13 French Cardinals then elect another –
Pope Clement VII1417 – ends with the election of Pope
Martin V
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Church Reformers
John Wycliffe – English theologian- wanted to reform the Church Bible not pope final authority for
Christians Jesus head of the Church not the
pope Priest/sacraments not necessary for
salvation Clergy needed to practice poverty Translated New Testament into
English
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Church Reformers
Jan Hus – German Authority of Bible higher than
pope Preach in common language
not Latin Arrested, tried for heresy &
burned at the stake by Roman Catholic Church
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The Hundred Years War1337-1453
Between England & France – Edward III of England claimed the throne of France
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The Hundred Years War1337-1453
War had four major stages;England invades France captures
French king & most of FranceFrench take back almost all the land
they lostEnglish invade again – Henry V forced
the French to sign humiliating treatyFrench rally under Joan of Arc,
Charles VII crowned king of France
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NEW WEAPONS
Longbow-developed by the English which put an end to the age of feudal knights
Cannon-used to destroy fortifications (castles)—castles became outdated