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Chapter 9
Regionalism, War, and Reconstruction
Politics and Economics, 1821-1880
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Dilemmas of Nationhood
• Who Governs and What Form of Government?– Three branches--executive, legislature, and
judiciary--with political participation limited
• Federalism/Centralism and Liberalism/Conservatism– Privileged groups distrusted lower classes
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The Challenge of Regionalism
• Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, and Central America– Required a series of civil wars to amalgamate
nations from their disparate regions– Buenos Aires & struggle for centralization– Regionalism– Central Americans struggle against each
other
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The Challenge of Regionalism
• Brazil and Chile– Regional divisions– Regional leaders never ceased their
opposition to the nation’s first ruler– Pedro II became emperor at age 14– Regionalism determined Brazil’s political fate
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A Century of War
• Wars of Political Consolidation
• Intra-Regional Wars– War of the Triple Alliance & War of the Pacific
• Foreign Wars– The Mexican War with the United States
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A Century of War
• Civil Wars– Brazil endured continuous rebellions– Struggles between Liberals & Conservatives
• The Impact of War– Profound both politically and economically– Constant warfare militarized society– Rubbed raw old ethnic and class divisions
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Popular Participation
• Popular participation in the politics of nation building
• Local issues revolved around food prices and employment
• Lower classes’ crucial roles in national politics; upper class needed support
• The new rulers of Latin America
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Caudillos
• Emerged to bridge the gap between the upper and lower classes
• Juan Manuel de Rosas– Afro-Argentines as a pillar of his regime
• Heroism & charisma were no guarantees for a long or successful political career
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The Challenge of Economic Recovery
• Obstacles to Development– Geography; laws, attitudes, and institutions
• Export Economies– Demand for agricultural commodities– European markets expanded rapidly– The Haitian revolution of 1791– A pattern of boom and bust cycles emerged
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Conclusion
• 19th century Latin America was a difficult time for governments & ordinary people
• High turnover for leaders
• Peru was worst case of unstable politics
• Postindependence Latin America also had its share of difficulties