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Chapter 9:
Early
Experiments in
Crime
Prevention and
the Evolution of
Community
Policing
Strategies
1
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Learning Objectives
• LO 1 Know what the most commonly
implemented crime prevention programs
have traditionally been.
• LO 2 Identify what the most common
strategies used in community policing
have traditionally been.
• LO 3 Explain what was demonstrated in
the Flint, Michigan Neighborhood Foot
Patrol Program.
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Learning Objectives (cont.)
• LO 4 Summarize the characteristics of
several exemplary police–community
strategies.
• LO 5 List the impediments that might
hinder implementing community policing.
3
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Introduction
• Community involvement with and assistance in
accomplishing the mission of law enforcement is
becoming widely accepted.
• The change from traditional policing to community
involvement does require many chiefs of police
and their officers to take risks.
9-4
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STREET LIGHTING PROJECTS
• Lighting is one means to deter and detect crime.
PROPERTY IDENTIFICATION PROJECTS
• Aim to deter burglary
• Return of stolen property, if recovered
CRIME PREVENTION SECURITY SURVEYS
• Environmental design of facilities and “target
hardening”
9-5
Traditional Approaches to Crime Prevention
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CITIZEN PATROL PROJECTS
• Specific problems
• General crime prevention and enhanced citizen safety
CITIZEN CRIME REPORTING, NEIGHBORHOOD PROGRAMS
• Organize neighborhoods as mutual aid society
• Eyes and ears of the police
SPECIAL CRIME WATCH PROGRAMS
• Mobile crime watch, youth crime watch, etc.
9-6
Traditional Approaches to Crime Prevention (cont.)
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Discussion
• Which of the traditional crime prevention
programs would you choose to
implement in your community?
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NATIONAL NIGHT OUT
• Nationwide program
• Residents turn on their porch lights
• Go outside and meet their neighbors
• Build stronger, more vigilant communities
• More resistant to crime and disorder
9-8
Other Efforts to Enhance Crime Prevention
© A
P Im
ages/O
livia
Nis
bet
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ORGANIZATIONS FOCUSED ON CRIME
PREVENTION
• Citizen Crime Prevention Association
• Fund programs and raise awareness
• Crime Stoppers
• Nonprofit offering rewards for information
• Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)
• Nonprofit, grassroots organization
• Membership is open to anyone
9-9
Other Efforts to Enhance Crime Prevention (cont.)
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USING VOLUNTEERS
• Volunteers may serve in a crime prevention capacity
as:
• Reserve officers
• Auxiliary patrol or community service officers
• On an as-needed basis
9-10
Other Efforts to Enhance Crime Prevention (slide iii)
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FLINT, MI: NEIGHBORHOOD FOOT PATROL PROGRAM
• Documented what police did on foot patrol
• Explained how that differed from motorized patrol
FIRST NEWARK, NJ: FOOT PATROL EXPERIMENT
• Residents reported positive results.
• Business owners reported negative results.
SECOND NEWARK, NJ: FOOT PATROL EXPERIMENT
• Coordinated foot patrol, cleanup campaign, and distribution of a newsletter
9-11
Early Empirical Studies of Community Policing
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Discussion
• What was learned from the Flint,
Michigan, Neighborhood Foot Patrol
Program and what are its implications for
today’s policing strategies?
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OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA, FOOT PATROL PROGRAM
• Foot patrol in central business district
• Report Incidents Directly program
SAN DIEGO, CA: COMMUNITY PROFILE
PROJECT
• Officers became more service oriented.
• Increased non–law enforcement contacts with citizens
• More positive attitude toward police–community relations
9-13
Early Empirical Studies of Community Policing (cont.)
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HOUSTON, TX: FEAR-REDUCTION PROJECT
• Victim recontact program, community newsletter,
citizen contact patrol program, a police storefront
office program
BOSTON FOOT PATROL PROJECT
• Violent crimes were not affected by increased or decreased foot patrol staffing.
9-14
Early Empirical Studies of Community Policing (slide iii)
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BALTIMORE COUNTY CITIZEN ORIENTED POLICE
ENFORCEMENT PROJECT
• Reduced fear of crime by 10%, crime by 12%
FEAR-REDUCTION STRATEGIES EXPERIMENTS
COMPARED
• Newsletters, victim recontact, police community station,
citizen contact patrol, community organizing, signs of crime,
coordinated community policing
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE OF PUBLIC PLACES
• Public strongly favors surveillance system in public areas
9-15
Early Empirical Studies of Community Policing (slide iv)
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THE SEATTLE PROGRAM
• Property identification, home security checks, and
neighborhood block watches
THE PORTLAND PROGRAM
• Reduced the burglary rate for those who participated
THE HARTFORD EXPERIMENT
• Restructured the neighborhood’s physical environment
9-16
Other Crime Prevention Program Studies in the 1980s
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SAN FRACISCO POLICE DEPARTMENT FOOT
PATROL PROGRAM
• Committed significant resources to foot beat staffing
• Foot patrols increase the perception of safety.
• Police staff and community widely accept foot patrols.
9-17
Later Studies of Foot Patrol Programs
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PHILADELPHIA FOOT PATROL EXPERIMENT
• Focus on place based policing
• Police resources directed at hot spots
• Foot patrol can indeed have a net positive effect.
• Reduces crime, particularly violent crime
9-18
Later Studies of Foot Patrol Programs (cont.)
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THE “MCGRUFF” NATIONAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN
• Promoting citizen involvement in crime prevention
through public service announcements
POLICECOMMUNITY ANTICRIME NEWSLETTER
AND BROCHURE
• General publicity campaigns aimed at victims have
had limited effectiveness.
9-19
Early Efforts Using the Media in Crime Prevention
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MORE DESCRIPTIVE LESS STATISTICAL
• Qualitative evaluations
• National Symposium on Community Institutions and
Inner-City Crime Project
• Identified programs for reduction of inner-city crime
• Focused on specific social problems of inner-city residents
• Had a clear focus, audience, and idea of how to proceed
9-20
Qualitative Evaluations and Salient Program Features
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RESISTENCE TO CHANGE IS COMMON
• Challenges
• Resistance by police officers
• Difficulty involving other agencies and organization the
community
• Reluctance of citizens to participate
• Either because of fear or cynicism
9-21
Impediments to Community Policing Revisited
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Discussion
• What would you recommend to
overcome the impediments to community
policing?
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PROGRAMS AND COMMUNITY POLICING
• Community policing
• Affects every aspect of police operations
• Is not a single program or even a hundred programs
• Programs, particularly in isolation
• More community relations or even public relations
• Not community policing
9-23
Programs versus Community Policing
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Summary
• Crime prevention became popular in the late
1960s and early 1970s, with many
communities taking an active role.
• New programs and organizations were
initiated during the 1980s and 1990s to
encourage citizens to play an active role in
reducing crime.
• Implementation must be weighed against
tradition.
9-24