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Chapter 9
DNA – The Genetic Material
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EARLY DISCOVERIES… Fred Griffith – trying to develop a
vaccine for pneumonia
…..TRANSFORMATION
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Oswald Avery….
Discovered that the substance absorbed by the harmless bacteria was DNA…
DNA is the Transformation factor!
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Hershey – Chase Experimentstudies bacteriophages…
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Discovering DNA:
Erwin Chargaff found that the amount of
Adenine always equals the amount of Thymine !....AND that Guanine amounts always equaled Cytosine.
Rosaline Franklin and Maurice Wilkins –X-Ray diffraction shows DNA is a coiled helix
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Discovered the 3-dimensional structure of DNA……. Showing base pairing in a double helical
staircase…..Nobel prize 1950
Francis Crick and James Watson
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Structure of DNA I. DNA: (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Building blocks called… Nucleotides: (3 parts): 1.Deoxyribose (simple sugar) 2.Phosphate Group 3.Nitrogen Base(A, C, T or G)
ADENINE CYTOSINE THYMINE GUANINE
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BASE PAIRING
PURINES – ADENINE AND GUANINE
PYRIMIDINES- THYMINE AND CYTOSINE
ADENINE – HYDROGEN BOND – THYMINEGUANINE – HYDROGEN BOND - CYTOSINE
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THE SIDES OF THE DNA MOLECULE
DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR
PHOSPHATE
DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR
PHOSPHATE
PHOSPHATE
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DNA =
2 strands of nucleotides joined by hydrogen bonds between the bases forms a “DOUBLE HELIX” or twisted ladder
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A. DNA Replication:
Each organism has its unique nucleotide sequence in its DNA --->from parents
DNA must be copied for cell division (Replication)
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STEPS IN DNA REPLICATION:
Enzymes called DNA Helicases break bonds between bases - DNA
“unzips”
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Free nucleotides in pair up with exposed bases guided by DNA Polymerases.
2 new strands formed and rewind
(identical to original DNA)
Free nucleotides
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…….How proteins are made !!
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II. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:20 Different amino acids3 Nitrogen bases code for 1 amino acid = CODON“Triplet code” - 64 different codons (3 stop codons)
---> 20 amino acidsOrder of bases in DNA determines type and order of amino acids in proteinCode is universal among all organisms = common ancestor
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A. TRANSCRIPTION: Getting DNA to make a m RNA ….which carries the sequence for a particular polypeptide chain!
DNA IS IN THE NUCLEUS Transcription takes place in the
nucleus! RNA structure differs from DNA: Single strand of nucleotides Ribose - simple sugar Bases - uracil instead of thymine U -- A
A, U, C, G
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STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION:
1. DNA makes complimentary copy of mRNA
(using U in place of T)
2. mRNA carries code out of nucleus into
cytoplasm where ribosomes are located!
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B. TRANSLATION: Interpreting the code from the mRNA - on the ribosomes.
tRNA (transfer) carries amino acids and bring them to ribosomes to be assembled into proteins
The order of amino acids determines the type of polypeptide assembled. (protein)
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tRNA has anticodon (3 bases that code for a specific amino acid)
tRNA matches its anticodon with the mRNA codon and drops off its amino acid to bond with the next amino acid
Continues until a “stop codon” is reached