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Chapter 8, Section 3 Greek Mythology & Literature
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Myths Explain the world
• The ancient Greeks believed in many gods.
• These gods were at the center of mythology.
• Each story, or myth, explained natural or historical events.
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Greek Gods • People today have scientific
explanations for events like thunder, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.
• The ancient Greeks did not.
• They believed their gods caused these events to happen & they created myths to explain the gods’ actions.
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Greek Gods • Zeus, king of the gods
• Hera, queen of the gods
• Poseidon, god of the sea
• Hades, god of the underworld
• Demeter, goddess of agriculture
• Hestia, goddess of the hearth
• Athena, goddess of wisdom
• Apollo, god of the sun
• Artemis, goddess of the moon
• Ares, god of war
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Greek Gods • Aphrodite, goddess of love
• Hephaestus, god of metalworking
• Dionysus, god of celebration
• Hermes, the messenger god
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Gods & mythololgy • The Greeks saw the works of the gods all around them.
– Disasters
– Daily events
• To keep the gods happy, the Greeks built great temples to honor them.
•
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Gods & mythololgy • Many Greeks in need of advice
traveled to Delphi to see the oracle.
• The oracle was a female priest of Apollo to whom they thought the god gave answers.
• The oracle was so respected that Greek leaders sometimes asked her for advice about how to rule their cities.
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Heroes & mythology • Not all Greek myths were about gods.
• Many were about the adventures of great heroes.
• Some of their heroes were real people while others were not.
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Heroes & mythology • They loved to tell stories of heroes who had special
abilities & faced terrible monsters.
• The people of each city had their favorite hero, usually someone from there.
• Athens favorite hero was Theseus.
• The most famous of all Greek heroes was Hercules.
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Ancient Greek Literature
• Early Greek writers produced long epic poems, romantic poetry, and some of the world’s famous stories.
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Homer & Epic poetry • Among the earliest Greek writings are
two great epic poems:
– The Iliad
– The Odyssey
• These were written by a poet named Homer.
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Homer & Epic Poetry • Both of these epic poems
describe the deeds of great heroes.
• The heroes in Homer’s poems fought in the Trojan War.
• In this war, the Mycenaean Greeks fought the Trojans, people of the city called Troy.
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Homer & Epic Poetry • The Iliad tells the story of the last years of the Trojan
War.
• It focuses on the deeds of the Greeks, especially Achilles, the greatest of all Greek warriors.
• It describes in great detail the battles between the Greeks & their Trojan enemies.
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Homer & Epic Poetry
• The Odyssey describes the challenges the Greek hero Odysseus faced on his way home from the war.
• For 10 years after the war ends, he tries to get home, but many obstacles stand in his way.
• He has to fight his way past terrible monsters, powerful magicians and even angry gods.
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Homer & Epic Poetry • Both the Iliad and the Odyssey are great tales of
adventure.
• These poems were central to the Greek education system.
• They would memorize long portions of the poems.
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Lyric Poetry • Other poets wrote poems that were set to
music.
• During a performance, the poet played a stringed instrument called a lyre while reading a poem.
• Today, the words of songs are called lyrics after these ancient Greek poets.
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Lyric Poetry • The most famous Greek lyric poet
was a woman named Sappho.
• Her poems were beautiful and emotional.
• Most of her poems were about love & relationships with her friends & her family.
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Fables • Other Greeks told stories to teach people important
lessons.
• Aesop is famous for his fables.
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Fables • In most of his fables animals are the main characters.
• The animals talk & act like humans.
– The Ants & the Grasshopper
– The Tortoise & the Hare
– The Boy Who Cried Wolf
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Greek Literature Lives • Greek literature is still alive & popular today.
• Some of the words we still use & some of the stories we hear come from ancient Greece.
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Language • The most obvious way we see the influence of the
Greeks is in our language.
• Many English words & expressions come from Greek mythology:
– Odyssey (Odysseus) - long journey
– Titanic (Titans) – very large & powerful
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Language • Many places around the world today are also named
after figures from Greek myths:
– Athens named after Athena
– Africa’s Atlas Mountains named after a giant from Greek mythology who held up the sky
– Aegean Sea named after Aegeus, a legendary Greek king
– Europe named from a Greek myth, a princess from Europa
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Literature & the Arts • Greek myths have inspired artists for centuries:
– Painters & sculptors
– Writers
– Moviemakers
– Sports teams use the names of powerful figures from myths
– Businesses use images or symbols from mythology