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Chapter 8-Part 2 PicturesThermodynamics and ATP
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Theoretical metabolic pathway
Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3A B C D
Reaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3Startingmolecule
Product
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Fig 5.2. Catabolic vs. Anabolic Reactions
• Condensation → reactions (anabolic)
• Hydrolysis → reactions (catabolic)
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• Catabolic Rxns – • O-O O + O + Energy
• Anabolic Rxns-O + O + Energy O-O
Figure 8.6
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In exergonic rxns∆G is a negative
number
ALL rxns require some input of energy
Fig 8.14 Energy Profile for a Catabolic (Exergonic) Reaction
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∆G = ∆H - T∆S∆G = T∆S
Diffusion – spontaneous because randomness (disorder) increases (+∆S)
Catabolic Reaction – Spontaneous becausethermal energy (heat) is released (-∆H) AND bonds in products are more disordered (+∆S)
Examples of Stored energy (Potential energy)
Examples of Kinetic energy (Energy of Motion)
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∆G values
• sucrose + H20 fructose + glucose (∆G = -7.0 kcal/mol)
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Exergonic Reactions are Spontaneous
• What do we mean by spontaneous?
Example 1: Baking soda + vinegar (fast reaction)
fructose + glucose
Example 2: Sucrose hydrolysis (very slow reaction without a catalyst)
Spontaneous reactions are not time-dependent
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Question 8.3 – 8.4
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Fig 8.14 Energy Profile for an Exergonic Reaction
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On the platform, a diverhas more potential energy.
Diving converts potentialenergy to kinetic energy.
Climbing up converts kineticenergy of muscle movement to potential energy.
In the water, a diver has less potential energy.
Figure 8.2
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Figure 8.3
First law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transferred or transformed but Neither created nor destroyed. For example, the chemical (potential) energy in food will be converted to the kinetic energy of the cheetah’s movement in (b).
(a)
Chemicalenergy
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Figure 8.3
Second law of thermodynamics: Every energy transfer or transformation increasesthe disorder (entropy) of the universe. For example, disorder is added to the cheetah’ssurroundings in the form of heat and the small molecules that are the by-productsof metabolism.
(b)
Heat co2
H2O+
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50µm
Figure 8.4
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Chemical Equilibrium
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An organism in metabolic equilibrium
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Equilibrium
ATP
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ATP
Metabolic Disequilibrium
ATPATP
Food
Waste Products
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Questions 8.5 – 8.6
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ATP = Currency of the Cell
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Fig 8.11
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Fig 8.9 ATP hydrolysis
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Coupled Reactions
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Fig 8.10ATP hydrolysis
ATP synthesis
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Question 8.7