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Chapter 8Learning
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LEARNING Learning
relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
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ASSOCIATION We learn by association
Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
Aristotle 2000 years ago John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago
Associative Learning learning that two events occur together
two stimuli a response and its consequences
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CLASSICAL OR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
We learn to associate two stimuli
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/
neurophysiologist Nobel Prize in 1904 studied digestive
secretions Video Clip #1:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRrBsoU3PVI
Video Clip #2 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=nE8pFWP5QDM
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PAVLOV’S CLASSIC EXPERIMENT
Before Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Classical Conditioning organism comes to associate two
stimuli a neutral stimulus that signals an
unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
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BEHAVIORISM John B. Watson
viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-upon
consensus today recommended study of
behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally accepted by
all schools of thought today
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and
naturally--triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UCR)
unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association
with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral conditioned
stimulus
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Acquisition the initial stage in classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an
unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
UCS(passionate kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
CS(onionbreath)
CS(onion breath) CR
(sexualarousal)
UCS(passionate Kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Extinction diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when
a UCS does not follow a CS in operant conditioning, when a
response is no longer reinforced
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Spontaneous Recovery reappearance, after a rest
period, of an extinguished CRGeneralization
tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Discrimination in classical conditioning, the
learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS
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NAUSEA CONDITIONING IN CANCER PATIENTS
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
CS(waiting room)
CS(waitingroom) CR
(nausea)
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by
favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
Operant Behavior operates (acts) on environment produces consequences
Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic
response to stimulus behavior learned through
classical conditioning
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
developed behavioral technology
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OPERANT CHAMBER Skinner Box
chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record responses
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
Reinforcer any event that strengthens the
behavior it followsShaping
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
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PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCEMENT
Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need
Conditioned Reinforcer stimulus that gains its reinforcing power
through its association with primary reinforcer secondary reinforcer
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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs
Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction
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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a specified
number of responses faster you respond the more rewards you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay
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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an
unpredictable number of responses
average ratios like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of
unpredictability
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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after
a specified time has elapsed response occurs more
frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near
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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at
unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz
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PUNISHMENT
Punishment aversive event that decreases
the behavior that it follows powerful controller of
unwanted behavior
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PUNISHMENT
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COGNITION AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of one’s
environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they
have learned a cognitive map of it Latent Learning
learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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COGNITION AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a reward
for doing what one already likes to do
the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task
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COGNITION AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior for
its own sake and to be effectiveExtrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments
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OPERANT VS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Observational Learning learning by observing others
Modeling process of observing and imitating a specific
behavior Prosocial Behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that fire
when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy