Chapter 7
Free Black People
in Antebellum America
Demographics
Free African Americans in 1860– The North 226,152– The Upper South 224,963– The Deep South 36,955– Total 488,070– Total Population U.S. 26,957,471
Free Black Communities Dynamic communities
– Most free blacks lived in the Upper South• Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York,
and Boston• Established distinctive institutions
–To avoid inferior status–Preserve African heritage
Free Black community• Mutual aid societies-
(provided members medical/burial/helped widows)–Christian moral character–Generally restricted to men
»Black freemasons»Prince Hall
Origins of IndependentBlack Churches Core of Afr. Am. Communities
-pastors became leaders
-buildings housed schools, social org., and anti-slavery meetings
Origins of IndependentBlack Churches
•African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church –Richard Allen –Absalom Jones–Benjamin Rush
The First Black Schools
After Revolution–Black people established
schools for black children•Mutual aid societies and churches created and sustained
•Produced a growing class of literate African Americans
Black Leaders and Choices
Educated black elite provided leadership–Richard Allen–Absalom Jones–James Forten–Prince Hall (Petitioned Massachusetts
legislature to support colony)
Migration
Paul Cuffe and colonization–End the Atlantic slave trade–Spread Christianity–Refuge for free black people–Make profits
How was black freedom limited in the North?
Fugitive Slave Laws
Endangered freedom of blacks living in the North
Escaped slaves could be recaptured
Free Blacks were kidnapped into slavery
Caption for visual
This lithograph, published in 1818 by antislavery author Jesse Torrey Jun, depicts a free black man still in handcuffs and leg irons after an attempt to kidnap him into slavery. He is relating details of his experience to a sympathetic white man. The sparsely furnished attic room reflects the living conditions of many free African Americans of the time.
Caption
Blacks who escaped from slavery lived in fear that they might be sought by “masters” who often posted monetary offers for the return of runaway slaves
Black Laws
Limiting ability to voteSegregation of housing,
schools, transportation, employment
Black Laws cont..
Most white northerners wanted no contact with Blacks
Felt Blacks were inferior, dishonest, immoral lives
Feared Black competition for jobsContact would degrade Black
society
Segregation
Atmosphere of hate caused African Americans to distrust white people
»Ghettos»Boston ~ “Nigger Hill”»Cincinnati ~ “Little Africa”»Southern visitors argued blacks
better off as slaves
Segregation
In 1841, the term Jim Crow was used in Mass to describe railroad cars
Blackface minstrel act
Black Communities: The Urban North
Urban neighborhoods –Resilient families–Poverty–Class divisions–Church and volunteer organizations–Education
Black Communities: The Urban North (cont.)
Black family– Variety
• Two-parent households common in 1820• Single-parent trend became increasingly
common– Headed by women
» High male mortality rate» Employment opportunities
– Extended families
Black Communities: The Urban North (cont.)
Employment– Rising European immigration filled jobs– Young black men excluded from
apprenticeships– Led to deskilling of blacks
• Menial labor• Low wages• Unemployment common
Black Communities: The Urban North (cont.) Black elite
– Ministers, doctors, lawyers, and undertakers• Carpenters, barbers, waiters, and coachman
– Black institutions and culture– Anti-slavery movement– Racial justice– Bridge to sympathetic white people
African-American Institutions
First appeared during the revolutionary era, then increased and multiplied.1. Schools (Lincoln University)
2. Mutual aid organizations (Black Odd Fellows)
3. Benevolent and fraternal organizations
4. Newspapers and journals
5. Theaters
Free Blacks: The Upper South
Greater risk of being enslaved– An assumption of slavery in most states
Problems traveling, congregating, owning firearms– Greater exclusion than northern
counterparts• Hotels, trains, parks, hospitals, etc.
Free Blacks: The Upper South (cont.) Employment
– Urban areas before 1850• Less competition from European immigrants• Most free black men were unskilled laborers or waiters• Most free black women washed clothes or worked as
domestic servants
Schools– No racial integration and no public funding
• Most black children received no formal education• Churches and individuals provided sporadic
opportunities
Free Blacks: The Deep South No revolutionary rhetoric nor changing economy Fewer manumissions
– Usually mixed-race children Three-caste system in Deep South
– Whites, free blacks, and slaves– Strong ties between free blacks and former masters
• Loans, jobs, and protection cemented this bond• Better off economically than free black people in other
regions Half live in cities
– Stronger position in skilled trades• Increased conflict and tension among white skilled
workers
Conclusion
Life for free black people in the Upper and Deep South more difficult than in the North– Presumption of slavery– More restrictive laws