CHAPTER 7CHAPTER 7FINE MOTOR SKILL FINE MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS AND DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS AND CHILDRENCHILDREN
Jin Bo & Jane E. Clark
Fine motor skill:
generally refers to those motor skills produced predominantly by the smaller muscles or muscle groups of the body.
§7.1 REACHING AND GRASPING§7.2 DEVELOPMENT OF TOOL USE§7.3 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAWING§7.4 DEVELOPMENT OF HANDWRITING§7.5 DEVELOPMENT OF BIMANUAL
COORDINATION§7.6 APPROACHES TO STUDY THE
DEVELOPMENT OF HAND-EYE COORDINATION
§7.7 SUMMARY
§7.1 REACHING AND GRASPING
Development of the Graspgrasp reflex : voluntary, adaptive
behaviors
Development of Reachingpre-reaching:
The movements are quick and ballistic extensions that usually miss the target.
successful reaching:
Jerky following a zig-zag trajectory . Depending on online visual feedback
skillful reaching:
They can make more accurate, smooth arm movement trajectories and coordinate their reaching and grasping. In this period, visual feedback can be used but is not necessary.
§7.2 DEVELOPMENT OF TOOL USE Development of Tool Use – Spoon
anticipate the spoon’s arrival by opening their mouth
Reach for the spoon during eating, tend to press their lips to remove the food from the spoon anddraw back their head
Manipulate a spoon in various ways
Feed themselves
Developmental grip patterns
Passively when they are fed
Development of Tool Use – Chopsticks
Wong and colleagues (2002) defined the average age of using chopsticks to finish most of a Chinese meal was 4.6 years
Development of Tool Use - Holding a Writing Implement
palmer grasp (power grip)
the roles of thumb and fingers are differentiated
The mature grasp dynamic tripod
§7.3 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAWING
scribbling stage combine stage aggregate stage pictorial stage it is difficult to set age-related norms experience is One of the most important factors
affecting the drawing development of the child’s
§7.4 DEVELOPMENT OF HANDWRITING
Hamstra-Bletz and Blote (1990) :Thirteen characteristics of handwriting were
clustered into different aspects: development of fine motor ability stylistic preference structural performance temporal and spatial characteristics of the children’s
movements dysgraphia
Development of Handwriting – Chinese
Writing Chinese characters (HanZi) is unique and more complex than writing English letters.
two challenge for Chinese writing :• sequencing • spatial configuration
Recognizing a Chinese character is considered much more important than learning how to write Chinese before the elementary age.
less-stroke characters
more- less-stroke characters
It is hard to determine the age-related norms for Chinese handwriting since this type of skill is highly influenced by the environment such as opportunities for practice and teaching methods.
§7.5 DEVELOPMENT OF BIMANUAL COORDINATION
symmetrical bimanual coordination :
both hands with similar and simultaneous patterns
For example:
the Moro reflex
asymmetrical bimanual coordination :Other bimanual movements require different roles for the two hands
a mirror image movement / a parallel movement
symmetrical bimanual coordination /asymmetrical bimanual coordination
hands at the same velocity /at different velocities
primary manipulator :
The hand that is manipulating the object complementary manner :
the other hand that is used to stabilize the object
For example:
the Moro reflex
§7.6 APPROACHES TO STUDY THE DEVELOPMENT OF HAND-EYE COORDINATION
control system perspective
feedback:a process whereby sensory information arising from the body is fed back to the brain
closed-loop systems
输入
执行
效应器
输出
比较器
实际状态
错误反馈
反馈
目标状态
Feedforward: the movement is based on the representation in the brain of the intended action
the velocity profiles between children and adults
the adaptation paradigm
DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS APPROACH
An example of the dynamical systems approach :
Thelen and her colleagues who conducted a longitudinal study of infants’ reaching (Thelen et al., 1993). They found that different infants have different developmental paths on the way to successful reaching
Behavioral Neuroscience Approach
The behavior changes and brain development are shaping each other across the life span.
The cerebellum is one of the more important structures that has been proposed to be critical in fine motor skill development
There is no straightforward linkage between brain structure and observed behavior.
Huge variability exists in the human brain suggesting that behavior changes cannot be explained by a single factor.
§7.7SUMMARY Fine motor skills refer to those movements
predominantly produced by the small muscles or muscle groups of the body. These skills usually involve the hands and eyes. The development of skillful fine motor movements is one of the most important developmental achievements in infancy and early childhood owing to their importance in survival (i.e., feeding) and later in tool use and handwriting.
Fine motor skills typically are performed by the hands, e.g. reaching, grasping, feeding, and writing; although there are non-hand fine motor skills such as, picking up stones with the toes or eye movement.