Download - Chapter 6 deviance and crime
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What Is Social Deviance?
• Social deviance is any transgression
of socially established norms.
– Formal deviance or crime involves the
violation of laws.
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Minor transgressions of these norms can be described as informal deviance.
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Deviance and Social Control
Social cohesion refers to the way people
form social bonds, relate to each other,
and get along on a day-to-day basis.
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Deviance and Social Control
• Social control is the set of mechanisms that
create normative compliance in individuals.
• Normative compliance is the act of abiding by
society’s norms or simply following the rules of
group life. 11
Deviance and Social Control
• Punitive justice is focused on making the violator
suffer and thus defining the boundaries of
acceptable behavior.
• Rehabilitative justice examines the specific
circumstances of an individual transgressor and
attempts to find ways to rehabilitate him or her. 12
Deviance and Social Control
• Informal social sanctions:
– are unspoken rules and expectations about
people’s behavior.
– help maintain a base level of order and
cohesion in society and form a foundation
for formal social control.
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Once Deviance Now Fashion
Deviance and Social Control(Structural Functionalism)
Émile Durkheim theorized that social cohesion is
established either through:
mechanical solidarity — based on the sameness
of society’s parts or members (fraternity –
sorority)
organic solidarity — based on the
interdependence of specialized parts or members.
(football team)15
Deviance and Social ControlA Functionalist View
Robert Merton’s strain
theory argues that deviance
occurs when a society does
not give all its members equal
ability to achieve socially
acceptable goals.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuzYGzXJJcw
Strain Theory
Conformists accept the goals of the society and the means of achieving those goals
Innovators accept the goals of the society, but they look for new, or innovative, ways of achieving those goals
Strain Theory
Ritualists aren’t interested in the goals of the society, but they do accept the means of achieving those goals.
Strain Theory
Retreatists don’t accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals.
Strain Theory
Rebels don’t accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals, so they create their own goals using new means.
Strain Theory
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1. It is difficult to empirically test.
2. It works on the assumption that conformity is the norm and assumes a concensual society.
3. It doesn't explain all forms of criminal behavior.
4. It over-predicts criminality. does not explain hate-crime, violence etc
Weaknesses of Strain Theory
Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
• Symbolic interactionists take a micro
view of society, examining the beliefs and
assumptions people bring to their
everyday interactions to find the causes
or explanations for deviance.
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Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
• Labeling theory
– People see how they are labeled and
accept the label as being “true.”
– People behave the way that they think
someone with their label should behave.
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Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
• Primary deviance:
– the first act of rule breaking, which may result in the
rule breaker being labeled “deviant” and thus influence
how people think about and act toward him or her.
• Secondary deviance:
– refers to acts of rule breaking that occur after primary
deviance and as a result of a person’s new, deviant
label. 26
Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
• Stigma– negative social label that changes your
behavior toward a person; also changes that
person’s self-concept and social identity
– has serious consequences in terms of the
opportunities made available – or rather, not
made available – to people in a stigmatized
group27
Interview, Devah Pager
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Devah Pager discusses her field experiments, racism, and the stigma men with a criminal record face when they're
on the job market.
Crime Reduction
Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
Broken window theory of deviance (Philip Zimbardo):explains
how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act
People who wouldn’t exhibit a certain behavior in one social
context might do so in another context where the behavior
seems more permissible. 29
People inspect an abandoned car in the South Bronx. Zimbardo placed this car in New York City and University in Palo Alto, California. The car near Stanford wentuntouched for days, but the car pictured above was in New Your City wasrelieved of its hubcaps and other parts almost immediately.
Deviance and Social Control
• Examples of formal social control include laws
and the authority of police officers.
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Formal deviance or crime involves the violation of laws.
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George Zimmerman
Trevor Martin
Crime
• street crime — refers to crime committed in public
and is often associated with violence, gangs, and
poverty
• white-collar crime — committed by a professional
against a corporation, agency, or other business
• corporate crime — type of white-collar crime
committed by the officers or executives of a company
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Crime
• It can be difficult to measure crime rates over
time for a variety of reasons, including:
1. changes in how crimes are defined.
2. fluctuations in whether people report crimes.
3. in the case of murders, improvements in
medical technology. CSI
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Number of prisoners per 100,000 population.
Reported Crimes
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Which is it?
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Figure 6.2 Total U.S. Violent Crime Rate, 1960–2008You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 6.5 Size of Death Row Population since 1973You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 6.6 Number of Executions and Race of PrisonersExecuted, 1976–2009
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Crime Reduction
Deterrence theory is a philosophy of
criminal justice based on the notion that
crime results from a rational calculation of
its costs and benefits.
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Unintended Consequences of Deterrence
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Crime ReductionRecidivism occurs when a person who has been involved in
the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior.
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Crime ReductionSince the 1970s, there has been a change from a more
rehabilitative sense of justice to a more punitive one in the United
States.
This is evidenced by historically high rates of incarceration.
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Societal Effects of Mass Incarceration
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http://www.youtube.com/embed/lUt_fIB6A_Y
• staggering costs • the disenfranchisement of
millions of former felons• a disproportionately high rate
of imprisonment for black males
• a ripple effect throughout black communities and beyond.
Victor Rios, author of Punished. To see my interviewwith Rios, visit wwnorton.com/studyspace.
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Philip Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment.You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
This Iraqi detainee in Abu Ghraib prison was hooked up to wiresafter soldiers made him stand on a box. How can Zimbardo’sexperiments help us understand the torture at Abu Ghraib?
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Figure 6.3 Homicide Victimization Rate, 1950–2008You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
A 2003 performance by the Surveillance Camera Players inTimes Square. They are trying to raise awareness of the densityof public and private surveillance cameras.
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
A surveillance camera map from the iSee project.You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
This map of Brooklyn, New York, shows thedensity of prison admissions in 2003.
You May Ask Yourself, 2nd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company