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Unit Eleven: The Nervous System: C. Motor and
Integrative Neurophysiology
Chapter 56: Contributions of the Cerebellum
And Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control
Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12 edition
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Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions
• The cerebellum plays major roles in the timingof motor activities and in rapid, smoothprogression from one muscle movement to the next.
• The basal ganglia help to plan and control complexpatterns of muscle movement
• Cerebellum helps to sequence motor activitiesand monitors and makes corrective adjustmentsduring motor activities
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Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions
• The cerebellum receives continuously updated information from the brain motor control areas
• Aids the cerebral cortex in planning sequentialmovements
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Anatomical Functional Areas of the Cerebellum
Fig. 56.1 Anatomical lobes of the cerebellum Fig. 56.2 Functional parts of the cerebellum
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Anatomical Functional Areas of the Cerebellum
Fig. 56.3 Somatosensory projection areas in the cerebellar cortex Fig. 56.4 Principle afferent tracts to the cerebellum
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Anatomical Functional Areas of the Cerebellum
Fig. 56.5 Spinocerebellar tracts Fig. 56.6 Principle efferent tracts from the cerebellum
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Functional Unit of the Cerebellar Cortex
Fig. 56.7 The left side of this figure shows the basic neuronal circuit of the cerebellum, with the excitatory neurons shown in red, and the inhibitory neuron (Purkinje cell) shown in black.
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Functional Unit of the Cerebellar Cortex
• Cerebellum has nearly 30 million nearly
identical functional units; a Purkinje cell
on a corresponding deep nuclear cell
• Three major layers
a. Molecular layerb. Purkinje cell layerc. Granule cell layer
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Functional Unit of the Cerebellar Cortex
• Neuronal Circuit of the Functional Unit
a. Purkinje fibers and deep nuclear cells firecontinuously under normal resting conditions
b. Balance between excitation and inhibition at thedeep cerebellar nuclei
c. Other inhibitory cells1. Basket cells2. Stellate cells
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Functional Unit of the Cerebellar Cortex
• Turn-On/Turn-Off and Turn-Off/Turn-On Output
Signals from the Cerebellum
• The Purkinje Cells Learn to Correct Motor Errors-
Role of the Climbing Fibers
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Functional Unit of the Cerebellar Cortex
• Function of the Cerebellum in Overall Motor Control
a. Vestibulocerebellum functions in association with thebrain stem and spinal cord to control equilibrium andpostural movements
b. Spinocrebellum-feedback control of distal limb move-ments
1. Prevention of overshooting of movements andto “damp” movements
2. Control of ballistic movements
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Functional Unit of the Cerebellar Cortex
• Function of the Cerebellum in Overall Motor Control
c. Cerebrocerebellum-function of the large lateral zoneto plan, sequence, and time complex movements
1. Planning of sequential movements2. Timing function3. Extramotor predictive functions
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Basal Ganglia-Their Motor Functions
Fig. 56.9 Anatomical relations of the basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex and thalamus
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Basal Ganglia-Their Motor Functions
Fig. 56.10 Relation of the basal gangli circuitry to the corticospinal-cerebellar system for movement control
• Neuronal Circuitry
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Basal Ganglia-Their Motor Functions
Fig. 56.11 Putamen circuit
• Function of the Basal Ganglia in Executing Patternsof Motor Activity—the Putamen Circuit
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Basal Ganglia-Their Motor Functions
• Neural Pathways of the Putamen Circuit
a. Abnormal function1. Athetosis2. Hemiballismus3. Chorea
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Basal Ganglia-Their Motor Functions
• Role of the Basal Ganglia for Cognitive Control of Sequences of Motor Patterns—Caudate Circuit
Fig. 56.12 Caudate circuit through the basal ganglia
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Basal Ganglia-Their Motor Functions
• Function of the Basal Ganglia to Change the Timingand to Scale the Intensity of Movements
a. Brain must determine how rapidly the movement isto be performed, and
b. Control how large the movement will be
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Basal Ganglia-Their Motor Functions
• Functions of Specific Neurotransmitter Substancesin the Basal Ganglial System
Fig. 56.14
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Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System
• Spinal Level
• Hindbrain Level
• Motor Cortex Level
a. Associated functions of the cerebellum
b. Associated functions of the basal ganglia