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Chapter 55 Reading Quiz
1. Introduced species are also called ____.
2. In conservation biology, what is MVP an acronym for?
3. Which feature is an attempt to connect severely fragmented land?
4. Using living organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems is called ____.
5. What was your favorite AP Biology topic this year?
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1. Define conservation biology. Why are we encountering a biodiversity crisis?
• Conservation biology a recently conceived subdiscipline of Biology that is dedicated to countering the biodiversity crisis
• It is the current rate of extinction that underlies the biodiversity crisis – due to humans degrading the natural environment
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2. List some examples that indicate that extinction rate estimates are on track.
• Extinction rates are estimated from the concept of species-area relations in which the number of species in an area is directly related to the size of the area
• On average about 50% of the total number of species will be lost in an area where 90% of the habitat is lost
• Approx. 20% of known freshwater fish species have become extinct or threatened during recorded history
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3. What are the major threats to biodiversity?
• Habitat destruction - about 93% of coral reefs have been damaged
• Over-exploitation- harvest by hunting or sport- whales, American bison, Galapagos tortoises, lots of fish
• Competition from exotic species- Nile perch in Lake Victoria have killed off 200 of 300 species cichlids
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4. Why is biodiversity vital to human welfare?
• Connection to nature aesthetically and ethically
• Provide crops, fibers and medicines• Loss of species results in loss of genes
and genetic potential• Dependency on ecosystems and other
organisms
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5. What is the focus of conservation biology?
1. Preservation2. Resource conservation3. Evolutionary/Ecological View• Goal is to preserve individual species
and to sustain ecosystems, where natural selection can continue to function and maintain the genetic variability upon which it acts
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6. Why does gradual variation in biodiversity correlate with geographical gradients?
• Not evenly distributed and there are recognizable patterns of distribution including clines (gradual variation), hot spots, concentrations of diversity, and ranges of migratory species
• Energy availability is one factor (tropics)• Habitat heterogeneity – more patchiness, more
species• Niche specialization – smaller niches, more
species• Population interactions – coevolution, predator-
prey relationships diversify communities
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7. What is a “biodiversity hot spot”? “Endemic species”?
• Hot spot relatively small areas with exceptional concentrations of species
• Endemic species a species found nowhere else
• Islands are hot spots of bird extinction• 30% of all bird species are endemic
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8. How do migratory species present a problem for conservation?
• The preservation of a migratory species is complicated by a life history that involves a residence in many locations
• Successful conservation efforts require international cooperation and careful preservation of habitat in all ranges of the species
• Ex: monarch butterflies, sea turtles, marine mammals, some birds
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9. Distinguish between endangered and threatened species.
• Endangered species that are in danger of extinction in all or a significant portion of its range
• Threatened species that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range
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10. What is a metapopulation? What are source and sink habitats?
• Metapopulation a subdivided population or a network of subpopulations of a species
• A source habitat is one where a population’s reproductive success exceeds mortality
• A sink habitat is one where a population’s mortality exceeds reproductive success- need to look at birth and death rates of the species
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11. What are “population viability analyses”?
• PVA is a method of predicting whether or not a particular given will persist in a specific environment
• It is generated by computer simulation• They examine the chances of a species
persisting or becoming extinct in the habitats available to it
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12. Distinguish between minimum viable population size and minimum dynamic
area. How do we estimate effective population size?
• MVP is the smallest number of individuals needed to propagate a population, subpopulation, or species
• MDA is the amount of suitable habitat needed to sustain a viable population
• The effective population size (Ne) is based on the number of adults that successfully breed (mathematical)
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13. How might analyzing the viability of selected species help sustain other
species?
• What we learn from the viability studies of one species may help us develop strategies to sustain other species
• Not all species can be systematically studied
• This only makes up part of the effort to save species
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14. What is landscape ecology? How do edges and corridors influence landscape
biodiversity?
• Landscape ecology is the application of ecological principles to the study of land use patterns
• Edges have their own communities in association with their physical features
• Movement corridors are strips or clumps of quality habitat that connect patches of natural habitat- help connect metapopulations and promote dispersal- some are artificial to help with animal migration
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15. Why must nature preserves be functional parts of landscapes?
• Protected reserves are subject to outside influences
• It must allow natural disruption, such as forest fires
• Probably only 10% of the biosphere will ever be protected as nature reserves
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16. Define restoration ecology and bioremediation. What is sustainable
development? • Restoration ecology applies ecological principles
to find ways to restore degraded ecosystems as close to their original state as possible
• Bioremediation makes use of living organisms (prokaryotes, fungi) to detoxify a polluted ecosystem
• Sustainable development a plan that provides for the long-term prosperity of human societies and the ecosystems that support them
THE END