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Chapter 50—Introduction to
Ecology & the Biosphere
“It’s not a vacuum out there: how organisms interact with each other
and the environment…”
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I. Life is so…Organized
• Molecules
• Cells
• (Tissues → Organ → Organ systems)
• Organisms
• Populations
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere
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Ecology
• Scientific study of interactions between organisms & their environment
– these interactions
determine the
distribution & abundance of
organisms
Figure 50.1
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Environmental Factors
• Abiotic factors– non-living chemical & physical factors
• temperature
• light
• water
• nutrients
• Biotic factors– living components
• animals
• plants
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II. Factors Affecting Distribution of Organisms
• Distinct global & regional patterns exist in the
distribution of organisms
Figure 50.4
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Terrestrial Biomes
Figure 50.24
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Aquatic Biomes
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Factors Limiting Geographic
Distribution
Figure 50.5
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Biotic Factors• Competitors
• Predators
• Parasites
• Pollinators
• Food sources
Conclusion?
Figure 50.9
Predator-removal experiments
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Abiotic Factors
• Climate
– prevailing weather conditions in an area
• Temperature *
• Water *
• Sunlight
• Wind
• Physical factors
– Rocks, soil,
nutrients
Why?
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Effects of Climate
Figure 50.10
How can we explain
areas that overlap?
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Global Climate Patterns• Largely determined by sunlight & Earth’s movement in
space
Figure 50.11
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Seasonal Changes• Angle of the earth’s axis is responsible for seasonal
variations on Earth
Figure 50.12
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Localized Effects on Climate
Figure 50.14
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Localized Weather—Washington
State
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Lake Stratification & Seasonal Turnover
Figure 50.15
• Ponds and lakes are sensitive to seasonal temperature change.
• Turnover brings oxygenated water from the surface of lakes to the bottom and nutrient-rich water to the top.
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Lake Stratification & Seasonal Turnover
Figure 50.15
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Lake Stratification & Seasonal Turnover
Figure 50.15
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Lake Stratification & Seasonal Turnover
Figure 50.15
Why is this process important?
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III. Aquatic & Terrestrial Biomes
Freshwater Biomes• Standing water (lakes, ponds)
• Moving water (rivers, streams) Zonation in a Lake
What characteristics
contribute to the
distribution of
organisms?
Figure 50.18
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• Lakes
– Oligotrophic
• nutrient poor
• oxygen rich
– Eutrophic
• nutrient rich
• oxygen poor
Mesotrophic
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Wetlands
• marshes, swamps, bogs,
seasonal pools, flood plains
Estuaries
• mudflats, salt marshes
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Marine Biomes
Figure 50.22
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Marine
intertidal
coral reef
benthos