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Chapter 5
Transnationalism: The Alternative Orientation
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The Origins and Impact of Transnationalism
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Transnationalism: Phenomena that connect humans across nations and boundaries
Sources of transnationalism Global interactionHuman thought
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Transnational Interaction
Scope and level will continue to expand
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Transnational Economics
Economic interdependence Affects each of us directlyPromotes global/cultural familiarity through trade
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Transnational Communications
Promotes common cultureFamiliarity with distant people
Effects of modern technologyUndermines authoritarian governmentsDistant events become realities through media
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Transnational Transportation
Promotes familiarity Trade Tourism
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Transnational organizations
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
Increasing numberDisenchantment with existing political organizations
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NGOs and transnationalism
Advance many causesWomen's issuesFacilitate networks of contacts and interaction
• Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs)• Fourth UN World Conference on Women (WCW)
Pressure governments to support their causes
Women's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO)
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Transnational Women's Movement
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Gender Issues
Socioeconomic and political gender equality does not exist
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Transnational Women's Movement: Philosophy and Goals
Diverse movementBeijing + 5 Conference
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Women are underrepresented in world politics
Conceptual differences between male and female points of viewDiffering views of politics
PeaceSecurity
Agenda for changeIncrease women's political participation Improve women's reality
• Education: Impact of women's illiteracy on entire society
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Transnational Women's Movement: Programs and Progress
Global conferencesUN Conference on Population and Development (UNCPD)Fourth World Conference on Women (WCW)
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Impact
Cultural differences among women narrowingAdvancement of women in politics
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Transnational Religion
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Religion and World Politics
Ancient force in international politicsHumanisticSource of bloody conflict, subjugation of peoplesCrusades, Thirty Years' War, imperial era, Israel, India/Pakistan, Yugoslavia, IrelandExerts influence through IGOs and NGOs
Roman Catholic Church
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The Strength of Religious Fundamentalism
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Fundamentalism: Conservative religious values incorporated into secular political activities
Some believe religious affiliation should be political and supersede patriotism
Link between religious fundamentalism and nationalism • India: Hindu party
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Transnational Culture
The Culture of McWorld Macrolevel approach
Common culture Language Modern communications Consumer products
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Resistance to common culture
Cultural prideProtectionism: France
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The Culture of Jihad
Conflict along cultural lines Samuel P. Huntington: The clash of civilizations
Eurocentrism• Rwanda• Kosovo
Racism, ethnic and religious intolerance-- Serbs Siege mentality in West
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Transnationalism Tomorrow
Common culture versus nationalism