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Chapter 5
TISSUES
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HISTOLOGY
• The science that deals with the study of tissues
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PATHOLOGIST
• Scientist who specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues to help physicians make accurate diagnoses
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Four basic types of tissues
Epithelialcovers body surfaces, lines body
cavitiesConnective
protects and supports, binds organs together, stores energy
Musclegenerates force
Nervousinitiates and transmits impulses
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Epithelial tissue
• Closely packed• Arranged in continuous sheets• Have a free (superficial) surface, exposed to a
body cavity• Have a basement membrane• No vascular tissue; exchange of materials is by
diffusion with connective tissue• Have nerve supply• High capacity for renewal• Functions include; protection, secretion,
absorption, excretion, sensory reception, generation of gametes
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Covering and lining epithelium
• Four basic shapes:– Squamous
• flat
– Cuboidal• cubes
– Columnar• Tall cylindrical
– Transitional• Range in shape from flat to columnar; often
change shape due to distention
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• Arrangement of layers:– Simple
• single
– Stratified• Two or more layers
– Pseudostratified• One layer; but appears to have many
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Simple squamous
• Found where filtration or diffusion are priority
• Air sacs of lungs; walls of capillaries; covers membranes of body cavities
• Thin, delicate; easily damaged
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Simple cuboidal
• Functions of secretion and absorption
• Found in kidney tubules, many excretory ducts of glands
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Simple columnar
• Two forms: • Ciliated
– Cilia– Upper respiratory tract,
uterine tubes (oviducts)
• Nonciliated– Contains absorptive
cells (w/ microvilli) and goblet cells (secrete mucus)
– Linings of digestive, respiratory, reproductive
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Stratified squamous• Superficial cells flat;
deep cells vary from cuboidal to columnar
• Forms outer layer of skin; lines oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal
• Keratinized – Contain keratin-tough
protein resistant to friction; helps repel bacteria
• Nonkeratinized– No keratin; remains
moist
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Stratified cuboidal
• Function: protection, in some locations; secretion and absorption
• Sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, pancreas
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Stratified columnar
• Uncommon• Functions in
protection and secretion
• Found in male urethra, vas deferens, parts of pharynx
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transitional
• Varies in appearance• Looks similar to
stratified cuboidal; except superficial cells are large and rounded
• Urinary bladder• Allows organs to
stretch w/out rupturing; helps prevent contents from diffusing back into internal environment
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Pseudostratified columnar
• Nuclei of cells are at various depths; all cells are attached to basement membrane in a single layer
• Commonly have cilia• Lines passageways of
respiratory system
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Pseudostratified
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Connective Tissue
• Bind structures, • provide support and protection, • serve as frameworks, • fill spaces, • store fat, • produce blood cells, • protect against infection, • help repair tissue damage
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CT general features
• Cells are farther apart then epithelial cells• Consists of 2 basic elements
– Cells– Extracellular Matrix
• consists of:– protein fibers – ground substance
» Consists of nonfibrous protein, other molecules, and fluid » Maybe fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, calcified
• Does not occur on free surfaces• has nerve supply (exception cartilage)• Usually highly vascular (exception cartilage,
avascular and tendons, scanty blood supply)
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CT cells
Each major type of CT cell contains immature cells (-blast)
• Blasts –have ability to divide; secrete matrix– fibroblasts= loose and dense CT– Chondroblasts= cartilage– Osteoblasts= bone
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Cartilage and bone
• Once matrix is produced fibroblasts change into mature cells (-cyte)
• Do not divide or form matrix like -blasts– Chondrocytes– Osteocytes
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Types of cells in CT• Fibroblasts
– Large flat spindle shaped w/ branching processes– Found in all CT– Most numerous cell in CT– Migrate thru secreting fibers and ground substance
• Macrophages– Irregular shape cell w/ short branching projections– Engulf bacteria and cellular debris
• Plasma cells– Small, either round or irregular– Secrete antibodies– Reside in CT, especially GI tract and mammary glands
• Mast cells– Abundant alongside blood vessels that supply CT– Produce histamine-dilates sm blood vessels, reaction to injury, infection
• Adipocytes– Fat cells; found below skin, around organs
• White blood cells– Not found in significant #’s in normal CT
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CT matrix
• Ground substance plus protein fibers– Ground substance:
• Contains assortment of large molecules; many are complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins
– Fibers:• Strength and support CT• 3 types embedded in matrix between cells:
– Collagen fibers– Elastic fibers– Reticular fibers
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Collagen fibers
• Strong and resist pulling forces; not stiff- promotes tissue flexibility
• Occur in bundles lying parallel to each other
• Consist of protein- collagen• Most abundant protein in your body• Found in most types of CT (bone,
cartilage, tendons, ligaments)
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Elastic fibers
• Smaller in diameter than collagen fibers
• Branch and join together to form a network
• Consist of protein (elastin) surrounded by glycoprotein (fibrillin)
• Strong but can be stretched• Plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls,
lung tissue
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Reticular fibers
• Consisting of collagen and coating of glycoprotein
• Provide support in walls of blood vessels and form branching networks around fat cells, nerve fibers, skeletal and smooth muscle cells
• Produced by fibroblasts, much thinner than collagen fibers
• Form supporting framework of many soft organs
• Help form basement membrane
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Classification of CT
Connective tissue proper:– Loose – DenseSpecialized connective tissue:– Cartilage– Bone– Blood– Lymph
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Loose CT
• Areolar CT– Subcutaneous layer– Attaches skin to underlying tissues
• Adipose tissue– fat
• Reticular CT– Forms stroma (bed or covering) of
certain organs– Helps bind together smooth muscle
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Dense CT
• Dense regular CT– Silvery white and tough– Tendons, most ligaments
• Dense irregular CT– Occurs in sheets– Dermis, heart valves, perichondrium
(membrane surrounding cartilage), periosteum (membrane surrounding bone)
• Elastic CT– Yellowish color; lung tissue, elastic arteries
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Cartilage
• Hyaline– Bluish-white, shiny– Joints, epiphyseal plates (growth), nose
• Fibrocartilage– Strongest, lacks perichondrium– Discs between vertebrae
• Elastic– Maintains shape of certain structures
like external ear
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Blood and lymph
• Blood= Liquid matrix• Lymph= clear fluid, similar to plasma
but w/ much less protein
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Bone
• Organ composed of different CT– Bone or osseous tissue– Periosteum-tough, vascular covering on
outside of bone – Red and yellow bone marrow– Endosteum- membrane that lines space
w/in bone that stores yellow bone marrow
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Basic unit of compact bone
• Osteon or Haversian system– Composed of:
• Lamellae– Concentric rings of matrix; mineral salts; collagen fibers
• Lacunae– Small spaces between lamellae; contains mature bone
cells (osteocytes)• Canaliculi
– Project from lacunae; network of small canals containing osteocytes provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and wastes to leave
• Central (Haversian) canal– Contains blood vessels and nerves
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Cancellous/Spongy bone
• No osteons• Columns of bone called trabeculae
– Which contain lamellae; osteocytes; lacunae; canaliculi
– Spaces between lamellae filled w/ red bone marrow