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Biology Concepts and Applications | 9e
Starr | Evers | Starr
© Cengage Learning 2015
Chapter 9
From DNA to Protein
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• DNA functions as the inherited directions for a
cell or organism
• RNA is transcribed from DNA
• Proteins are produced by the translation of
RNA
• Proteins cause physical traits
Gene Expression: The process by which
the info in a gene (unit of DNA) guides
assembly of a protein
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Gene Expression
• DNA specifies the
synthesis of
proteins in two
stages
– Transcription
• DNA to RNA
– Translation
• RNA to Protein
Figure 10.9
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Figure 9-2a p148
DNA
Nucleotide
Structure
RNA
Nucleotide
Structure
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Figure 9-3a p150
Transcription: DNA RNA
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Figure 9-7 p152
The Genetic Code
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• The genetic code is shared by all organisms.
Therefore, any gene from any organism can be
inserted into the genome of any other organism
and expressed.
Universal Genetic Code
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Translation: mRNA (with help from tRNA)
Protein
8
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
9
anticodon
amino acid
attachment site
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© Cengage Learning 2015 Figure 9-11a p155
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© Cengage Learning 2015 Figure 9-12b p156
What happens to proteins after a gene
becomes mutated?
Base-pair substitution
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What happens to proteins after a gene
becomes mutated?
12
Base-pair substitution of valine for glutamine results
in abnormal hemoglobin in red blood cells (sickle cell
disease).
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© Cengage Learning 2015 Figure 9-12b p156
Frameshift
Mutations:
Deletion
and
Insertion
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Mutations Contribute to Diversity
• Not all mutations are
harmful
– They give rise to the
variation in traits that
is the raw material of
evolution, which
leads to the rich
diversity of genes in
the living world