Download - Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
The News
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Convergence
• A constant since there were only two or three. Now, there are many types of media news that all effect one another and eventually create a new “kind” of news coverage.
• What would you call today’s style of news coverage?
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The Four Major Theoriesof News
• Authoritarian
• Libertarian
• Soviet Communist
• Social Responsibility
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Authoritarian
• The government controls the media completely.
• This led to (in U.S.) laws against treason and sedition.
• Modern examples include Turkey, Iraq, China, etc (imagine China’s view of the worldwide coverage of SARS)
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Libertarian
• Emerged from a premise that the government should exist solely to serve the interests of the individual.
• Media should serve the people not government and the best way to find the truth is to have many opinions aired.
• Came about during Age of Enlightenment (15th to 18th centuries)
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More Libertarian
• Jefferson, Franklin, James Madison and others helped form the idea
• Freedom of the Press comes about; First Amendment
• Watchdog of the government• Fourth Estate• Fifth Estate –broadcast• Sixth Estate--internet • Obviously, we still have this form in U.S.
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Soviet Communist
• Russian Revolution in 1917
• Modeled on Authoritarian Theory
• Added the agenda setting/news was to communicate the doctrines of the state and the Communist Party to the masses
• Authoritarian did not rely as heavily on use as propaganda; less information in general
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• Authoritarian—controlled system of news
• Soviet Communist—planned system of news
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Social Responsibility
• Evolution of media became more about profit• More chains developed; so fewer ideas were
presented• Out of the criticism comes the Social
Responsibility Theory • Offshoot of Libertarian that contends press is
socially responsible to keep a democratic nation informed
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More Social Responsibility
• There was a clear need for some sort of regulation
• Press could not be entirely free
• FCC formed for broadcasters but print is still involved in self-regulation
• Some modern ideas like FOX New Network deal with the idea of more opinions
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Functions of Media
• 1)to inform
• 2)to entertain
• 3)to influence (through editorials)
• 4)to present advertisements
• 5)to transmit the culture
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Common Faults/Problems
• Blaming the Messenger
• Watchdog Function
• Bad News Only Myth (selective retention)
• Myth of Media Truth
• Biases (Liberal Press)
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Wire Services
• AP Associated Press New York 1848
• UPI United Press International 1907
• Reuters 1850s London
• AFP Agence France-Presse Paris 1945
• Public service not for profits services
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Radio News
• Developed around World War II
• Before, radio did limited news
• We then heard from Edward R. Murrow
• Live reports
• First time we heard “actual” war sounds
• Then followed development of radio networks ABC, NBC (in coming chapters)
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TV News
• The political conventions of 1948 broadcast by CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) and NBC (National Broadcasting Company)
• Later Vietnam War became first time we saw “actual” war footage in 1960s
• The Space Race got many people hooked on TV news as well
• Then, it gets out of hand• Watergate, etc. (future chapters)
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More TV News
• CNN Cable News Network
• Ted Turner early 1980s
• First 24 hour news channel
• Others follow but not for more than 10 years
• CNN encouraged camcorder use
• Rodney King in 1991
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Internet
• Still not really developed as a news agency
• Currently, all other previous forms have websites to help make news interactive
• Some news breaks on the internet but few people use as major source of news
• What will the convergence bring?