Download - Chapter 45 joseph haydn-instrumental music
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CHAPTER 45
Joseph Haydn:
Instrumental Music
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Born into humble circumstances in Rohrau, Austria, Joseph Haydn had a long career that spanned from the late Baroque to the early Romantic periods.
He first studied the rudiments of composition as a choirboy at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
In 1761 he was engaged as director of music at the Esterházy court.
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• During his stay at the Esterházy court, Haydn composed primarily instrumental music: symphonies
string quartetsconcertoskeyboard sonatas.
– Esterházy family: the richest and most influential among the German-speaking aristocrats of Hungary
• with vast estates southeast of Vienna.
– Baryton: a viola da gamba-like instrument with six strings.
• Haydn wrote 126 trios for the baryton, the instrument played by his patron Nikolaus Esterházy.
Esterházy Court
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Symphonies
• Haydn wrote 104 symphonies.
• While his first symphonies were in three movements, by the time he arrived at the Esterházy court his norm became a four-movement format: fast/slow/minuet and trio/fast.
– Minuet: a triple-meter dance in rounded-binary form, usually coupled with a trio.
– Trio: a rounded-binary movement, originally scored for three instruments (or three parts).
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Concertante: a concerto-like approach in which individual instruments regularly emerge from the orchestral texture to function as soloists. Haydn makes extensive use of concertante in his symphonies Nos. 6-8.
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• "Farewell" Symphony: Haydn's symphony No. 45, one of several later symphonies informed by extra-musical phenomena.
• The title "Farewell" derives from the anecdote according to which musicians were instructed to leave the stage, one by one, bidding farewell to prince Nikolaus.
• Sturm und drang: ("Storm and Stress") at first a literary phenomenon, it suggests a mode of expression that sought to frighten, stun, and overcome with emotions.
• In musical terms, it indicates a group of compositions written around 1770 characterized by minor keys, angular themes, syncopation, string tremolos, sudden dynamic shifts, and violin lines racing up and down the scale (“agitated music”).
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String Quartets
• If Haydn was a principal figure in the development of the symphony, he was indispensable for the string quartet, which he invented single-handedly. His set of six quartets Opus 20 (c. 1772) was a landmark for the genre, featuring:
– an approximately equal-voiced texture, instead of the bottom-heavy Baroque trio texture.
– a more serious tone and a four-movement structure, instead of the lighter five-movement divertimento of the 1750s.
• Scherzo: it replaces the movement entitled "minuet" for the first time in Haydn's set of six string quartets, Opus 33. – It is called "scherzo" ("joke") for its playful tone, as Haydn
often placed the downbeat of the dance out of sync with the minuet's triple meter.
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"Bird" Quartet: Haydn's quartet Opus 33, No. 3
Its nickname refers to the bird-like chirping and pecking of the strings.
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• The Emperor's Hymn: Haydn's melody for the text God Preserve Emperor Franz, in honor of Emperor Franz II, written in response to Napoleon's invasion of the Austrian Empire.
• "Emperor" Quartet: Haydn's quartet Opus 76, No. 3. It derives its name from The Emperor's Hymn, which served as the basis of the theme-and-variations set in the second movement.
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Keyboard Sonatas
Haydn wrote more than 60 keyboard sonatas. A characteristic feature of his keyboard compositions are highly varied rhythms.
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Concertos
• Among Haydn's more than 30 concertos for various instruments– the best known today are the Cello Concerto
in D Major and the Trumpet Concerto in Eb Major.
• The latter was the first concerto written for the keyed trumpet, a forerunner of the modern valve trumpet– unlike the earlier natural trumpet, the keyed
trumpet could play all the notes of the scale rather than only those of the harmonic series.