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Chapter 4.4: Organic and Biochemical Compounds
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Organic Compounds
• Covalently bonded• Carbon compounds• Almost always contain hydrogen
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Organic molecules contain carbon, usually hydrogen,
And assorted other atoms may be included, likeOxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus(notice all are nonmetals, so they form covalent bonds)
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Carbon has four valence electrons
• So it will make four bonds with other atoms willing to share their electrons.
• Including other carbon atoms!
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Naming rules
Number of carbons
• Meth- 1
• Eth- 2
• Prop- 3
• But- 4
• Pent- 5
• Hex-6
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Naming for different types of bonds
• -ane only carbon-carbon single bonds
• -ene contains a carbon-carbon double bond
• -yne contains a carbon-carbon triple
bond
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Remember
• The term “single bond” just means that two atoms are sharing ONE (single) pair of electrons. Two hydrogen atoms share their electrons. You can write this as
• H – H where the single black line shows that the atoms are sharing only one pair of electrons.
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• Double bond means two pairs of shared electrons.
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And of course triple bond would be three pairs of shared electrons
• Like the bonds in a nitrogen molecule (N2)
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Alkanes
• Only single covalent bonds.
• Methane, CH4 Ethane, C2H6
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Alkanes:Single carbon-carbon bonds
• The two carbon atoms are only sharing one pair of electrons, one from each of the two carbon atoms.
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Propane
• The “prop-” means three carbons
• And the “-ane” means all single bonds
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Alkenes
• Double bonds (two carbons are sharing two pairs – four atoms)
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Propene and Butene
•
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ethyne = triple bond
• Two carbons sharing 3 pairs (6 electrons)
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propyne
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Alcohols have an –OH group
• One of the hydrogens is replaced by an –OH group. Since there are two carbons, this is ethanol.
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Polymers
• Big molecules made of repeating units.
• The units are attached to one another by bonds, like beads strung together on a necklace.
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Polyethene
• Poly means “many”• So it’s a large
molecule made up of a series of “ethenes” (C2H4)
• Plastic in soda bottles, etc. made of long noodle-like chains of these units.
• Each unit = monomer
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Polymerization
• Free Radical Propagation
• click here to see how polymers are formed from individual ethene molecules
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Shape of polymer determines properties.
• Polyethene isn’t elastic, so when you crush bottle it doesn’t “bounce” back.
• This is because the long noodlelike chains can be bent easily, but they slide and slip instead of springing back into shape, like spaghetti noodles that roll around your plate.
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Elasticity
• Cross-linked (like chain link fences or tennis nets) are flexible, but snap back into shape.
• Molecules in a rubber band are examples.
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Carbohydrates
• Glucose is a carbohydrate.
Large polymers of sugars are carbohydrates,often called “starch”.
Carbohydrates can be 100's of sugars long.
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Body breaks the larger molecules into smaller glucose “units” again
during digestion.
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Proteins
• Made up of repeating units called
• amino acids.
•CHON and sometimes S!
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DNA
• Adenine and • Thymine
• Cytosine and • Guanine
• CHONP