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Chapter 4Vowels
PHONOLOGY (Lane 335)
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Vowel classification Vowels are pronounced with open approximation:
allowing the airflow to exit unhindered.
produced in a smaller area of the vocal tract (the palatal & velar regions)
vowels are voiced
For all the above, vowels can’t be classified the same way as consonants
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Vowel classification
Vowels can be classified by answering three questions
• How high is the tongue?• High- mid - low
• What part of the tongue is involved?• Front- central- back
• What is the position of the lips?• Rounded or unrounded
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Vowel classification
Other factors:
Vowel length: how long the vowel lasts
Nasality: whether the velum is raised or lowered
Monophthong vs. Diphthong: whether or not the tongue remains in the same position
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The Vowel Space
Vowel space establishes the limit of vowel articulation
If the tongue is higher than the highest point, or further back than the furthest back vowel, a consonant is pronounced
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Cardinal Vowels
A common way of representing the vowel space is proposed by Daniel Jones in the 1920s
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Cardinal Vowels
(1-5) unrounded
(6-8) rounded
doesn’t represent an accurate anatomical diagram of the vowel space
not necessarily the vowels of a particular language
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Further classifications vowel Length indicated by (ː, or doubling symbol); e.g vowel
is ‘seat’ is longer than the one in ‘sit’ ([iː] vs. [ɪ]) Vowel length is not major in distinguishing between vowels in
English
monophthongs: vowels that are steady (e.g. see) [iː]
diphthongs: involve tongue movement; (e.g. sigh; low front to high front) ([aɪ]’sky’, [ɔɪ] ‘boy’, [aʊ] ‘cow’, [eɪ] ‘face’)
nasal vowels: with a lowered velum (when precedes a nasal
stop); e.g. ‘bean’
oral vowels: with a raised velum
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The vowels of English
much more variation in vowels than in consonants
Vowel variation may have to do with regional or sociolinguistic factors
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High front vowels
The long monophthong [iː] as in ‘see’
The short monophthong [ɪ] as in ‘sit’
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Mid front vowels
short mid front: [e], or [ε] as in ‘bed’
long mid front: [e:] as in ‘day’,
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Low front vowels
Short low front: [æ] as in ‘rat’
Many varieties pronounce this as a lower vowel [a]
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Low back vowels
Long low back unrounded [ɑː] as in ‘father’
Short low back round [ɒ] as in ‘dog’
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Mid back vowels
low mid back vowel [ɔː] as in ‘cause’, bought’, ‘door’
High mid back vowel [oː] as in ‘goat’
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High back vowels
High back vowel [uː] as in ‘shoe’
Low back vowel [ʊ] as in ‘put’
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Central vowels
Low mid unround back [ʌ] as in ‘cup’, ‘luck’, ‘fuss’
Mid central unround [ɜː] as in ‘nurse’, ‘fir’, ‘worse’
Central vowel schwa [ə] as in ‘about’, ‘puma’: commonest vowel in syllables that don’t carry stress
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Distribution
Short vowels may not occur finally in stressed monosyllabic words, while long vowels and diphthongs may ([biː], [bɔɪ], but not *[bɪ] or *[bɒ]
Short vowels only occur in stressed monosyllables when these are consonant final; (bɪt] or [bɒg]