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Chapter 4The Solar System
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Comet Tempel
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Chapter overview
• Solar system inhabitants
• Solar system formation
• Extrasolar planets
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Solar system inhabitants• Sun• Planets• Moons • Asteroids• Comets• Meteoroids• Kuiper Belt Objects
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Figure 4.1 Solar System
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Planets
• Orbital size• Orbital period• Mass• Radius• Moons• Density (water density is 1000 kg/m3)
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Table 4-1Properties of Some Solar System Objects
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Planetary orbits
• Lie in same plane (ecliptic plane)
• Mercury and Pluto are slight exceptions
• Orbit around sun in same direction
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Figure 4.2Planetary Alignment
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Terrestrial planets
• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
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Jovian planets
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune
• Memory aid: S-U-N
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Figure 4.3 - Sun and Planets
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Table 4-2
Comparison Between the Terrestrial and Jovian Planets
Table 4.2 - Comparison Between the Terrestrial and Jovian Planets
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Other planet?
• Pluto
• As of late 2006, demoted from a planet
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Interplanetary matter
• Asteroids
• Comets
• Meteoroids
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Figure 4.4 Inner Solar
System
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Asteroids
• Asteroid belt
• Between orbits of Mars and Jupiter
• Noticeably elliptical orbits
• Trojan asteroids
• Earth crossing asteroids
• Up to 1000 km in size
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Figure 4.5 Asteroids, from
Earth
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Figure 4.6 Asteroids, Close-up
a) Gasprab) Ida with Dactyl
c) Mathilde
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Asteroid types
• Carbonaceous
• Dark, water ice and organics (carbon)
• Silicate
• Reflective, more rocky
• Inner portion of asteroid belt
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Figure 4.7 Asteroid Eros
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Discovery 4-1aWhat Killed the Dinosaurs?
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Discovery 4-1bWhat Killed the Dinosaurs?
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Figure 4.8 Halley’s Comet
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Comets
• Nucleus
• Coma (dust and evaporated gas)
• Hydrogen envelope
• Ion tail
• Dust tail
• Tails directed away from sun
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Figure 4.9Comet Tails - Comet Hale-Bopp 1997
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Figure 4.10 Comet Trajectory
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Figure 4.11 Halley’s Comet Close-up
from Giotto spacecraft in 1986
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Figure 4.12 a) Comet Wild-2 from Spacecraft
Stardustb) aerogel for comet
dust
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Short period comet orbits• Short period (< 200 years)• Kuiper belt (beyond Neptune)• 30 to 100 AU from sun• Roughly circular orbits, in ecliptic plane• Occasionally kicked into inner solar system• About 900 Kuiper belt objects (KBO) known• Some KBO’s larger than Pluto
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Long period comet orbits• Long period (> 200 years)
• Oort cloud
• Up to 100,000 AU diameter
• Random orbital orientation
• Occasionally kicked into inner solar system
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Figure 4.13 Comet Reservoirs
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Meteor terminology• Meteoroid (chunk of space debris)
• Meteor (streak of light in sky)
• Meteorite (piece of meteoroid that falls to ground)
• Micrometeoroids
• Meteoroid swarm or shower (cometary debris)
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Figure 4.14Meteor Trails
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Figure 4.15 Meteor Showers
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Table 4-3
Some Prominent Meteor Showers
Table 4.3 Some Prominent Meteor Showers
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Figure 4.16 Radiant
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Figure 4.16 AnalogyRailroad Tracks Converging
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Meteor craters on earth
• About 100 craters over 100 m in diameter
• Others heavily eroded by weather or geological activity
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Figure 4.17 - Barringer Crater, Arizona
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Figure 4.18 Manicouagan
Reservoir, Quebec
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Figure 4.19Tunguska Debris (Siberia, 1908)
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Meteorite types
• Rocky silicate
• Iron with some nickel
• Carbonaceous
• 4.4 to 4.6 billion years old
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Figure 4.20 - Meteorite Samples(a) rocky or stony (silicate) (b) iron and some nickel
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Model of Solar System formation must explain1. Each planet isolated
2. Planet orbits nearly circular
3. Planet orbits nearly lie in a plane
4. Planets orbit sun in same direction sun rotates
5. Most planets rotate in same direction sun rotates
6. Most moons revolve in direction planet rotates
7. Terrestrial vs. Jovian planets
8. Asteroids are old and are unlike planets
9. Kuiper belt objects
10. Oort cloud comets
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Figure 4.21 Angular Momentum
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Figure 4.22 Beta Pictoris
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More Precisely 4-1The Concept of Angular Momentum
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More Precisely 4-1bConservation of Angular Momentum
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Figure 4.23 - Dark Cloud containing interstellar dust and gas
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Formation of solar system• Nebular contraction• Spinning material flattens into pancake as it
contracts• Condensation of interstellar dust• Accretion• Millions of planetesimals• Protoplanets• Fragmentation• Protosun
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Figure 4.24 Solar System
Formation
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Figure 4.25 Newborn Solar Systems?
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Jovian planets• Outer planets grew rapidly
• Gravitationally attracted gas from solar nebula
• Or could have started as gravitational instabilities in solar nebula
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Figure 4.26 Jovian
Condensation
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Figure 4.27 Temperature in the Early Solar Nebula
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Figure 4.28 Planetesimal Ejection
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Figure 4.29 Extrasolar
Planet
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Extrasolar planets• Indirectly detected by motion of star
• Large Jupiter-like planets in small orbits
• Selection effect
• Only detect largest and closest to the star
• Is our solar system unique?
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Figure 4.30 Planets Revealed
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Figure 4.31 An Extrasolar Transit
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Figure 4.32 Extrasolar Orbits
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Figure 4.33 Sinking Planet