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Chapter 4: Cell Reproduction
Section 1: Cell Division and Mitosis
Mr. MotukMinersville Area Jr./Sr. High School
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Section 1: The Cell Cycle (1) 2
I. Cell CycleA. Cell Cycle: Organisms to through stages, or a life cycle,
while they are alive. 1. A simple life cycle would be birth, growth and
development, and death. 2. Cells go through a life cycle.
a. The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell from one division to the next.
b. Different types of cells divide differentlyi. Nerve cells cannot be replaced while skin cells are
constantly being replaced.
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I. Cell CycleB. Steps of the Cell Cycle- The cell cycle is a series of events
that cells go through as they grow and divide. 1. Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase,
and Cytokenesis.
C. INTERPHASE- First step in the Cell Cycle has three parts. 1. G1 Phase
a. During the G1 phase cells do most of their growing. b. During this phase, cells increase in size and synthesize
(make) new proteins and organelles.
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I. Cell CycleC. Interphase (Continued)
2. S-Phasea. The G1 Phase is followed by the S Phaseb. Chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of DNA
occurs.3. G2 Phase
a. G2 is usually the shortest phase of interphase. b. During G2 phase, many of the organelles and
molecules required for cell division are produced. c. When the events of the G2 Phase are complete, the
cell is ready to enter the Mitosis and cytokinesis phases, and begin the process of cell division.
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Cell Cycle: Time breakdown
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Duplication of Chromosomes
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I. Cell CycleD. Mitosis- Biologists divide the events of Mitosis into four
phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei. 1. Prophase- First and longest phase of mitosis.
a. Chromosomes become visible. b. Centrioles separate and locate on opposite sides of the
nucleus. c. Between the centrioles threadlike spindle fibers begin to
stretch across the cell. d. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus fade and disappear.
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2. Metaphase a. The chromosomes
line up across the center of the cell.
b. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.
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2. Anaphasea. Each centromere
divides. b. The two strands of
each chromosome separate.
c. The separate strands begin to move towards opposite ends of the cell.
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I. Cell CycleD. Mitosis- (Continued)
4. Telophasea. The final step of mitosis. b. Centrioles and spindle fibers
start to disappear. c. Chromosomes stretch out and
become harder to see. d. Nuclear membrane from
around each mass of chromosomes.
e. New nucleolus appears in each nucleus.
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I. Cell CycleE. Cytokinesis
1. Cell membrane pinches the cytoplasm in half.
2. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes. a. In plants, a structure known
as the cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei.
b. The cell plate gradually develops into a separating membrane.
c. A cell wall then begins to appear in the cell plate.
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I. Cell CycleF. Results of Mitosis
1. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, it produces two nuclei that are identical to each other and the original nucleus.
2. Each cell in your body, except sex cells, has a nucleus with 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs.
3. All of your cells use different parts of the same hereditary material to become different types of cells. (see pg 100 in your book)
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I. Cell CycleF. Results of Mitosis
4. Mitosis allows growth and replaces worn out or damaged cells.
a. If you cut yourself, the wound heals because cell division replaces damaged cells.
b. You are much larger and have more cells than a baby mainly because of cell division.
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Cell Type Life Span Cell Division
Lining of Esophogus 2-3 days Can divide
Lining of small intestine 1-2 days Can divide
Large Intestine 6 days Can divide
Red Blood Cells Less than 120 days Cannot divide
White Blood Cells 10 hours to decades Cannot divide
Smooth Muscle Long lived Can divide
Cardiac Muscle Long lived Cannot divide
Skeletal Muscle Long Lived Cannot divide
Neuron (nerve cell) Long Lived Cannot divide
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II. Asexual ReproductionA. Asexual Reproduction
1. There are two types of reproduction. a. Asexual reproductionb. Sexual reproduction
2. In asexual reproduction, a new organism (sometimes more than one) is produced from one organism.
a. The new organism will have hereditary material identical to the hereditary material of the parent organism.
b. How many organisms are needed for asexual reproduction?i. One
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II Asexual Reproduction
B. Cellular Asexual Reproduction
1. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (have a nucleus) asexually reproduce by cell division.
a. New strawberry plants can be reproduced asexually from horizontal stems called runners.
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II Asexual Reproduction
B. Cellular Asexual Reproduction
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II. Asexual Reproduction
B. Cellular Asexual Reproduction2. Bacteria do not have a nucleus, so they
cannot use mitosis. a. Instead bacteria reproduce asexually by
fission. b. During fission, an organism whose cells do
not contain a nucleus copies its genetic material and then divides into two identical organisms.
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II. Asexual ReproductionB. Cellular Asexual
Reproduction3. Budding
a. Budding is a type of asexual reproduction made possible because of cell division.
b. When the bud on the adult becomes large enough, it breaks away to live on its own.
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II. Asexual ReproductionB. Cellular Asexual Reproduction
4. Regeneration – The process that uses cell decision to re-grow body parts.
a. Sponges, planaria, sea stars, and some other organism can use regeneration for asexual
reproduction. b. Because sea stars eat oysters, oyster farmers dislike
them.
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