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Chapter 4 (part 3)
3-D Structure / Function
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AnimalScrapie: sheep TME (transmissible mink encephalopathy): mink CWD (chronic wasting disease): muledeer, elk BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy): cows
Human CJD: Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease FFI: Fatal familial Insomnia Kuru
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PrPC PrPSc
solubility soluble non soluble
structure predominantly alpha-
helicalpredominantly beta-
sheeted
multimerisation
state monomeric
multimeric(aggregates)
infectivity non infectious infectious
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Susan W. Liebman, and James A. Mastrianni (2005) Trends in Molecular Medicine 11: 439-441
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Myoglobin/Hemoglobin
• First protein structures determined
• Oxygen carriers
• Hemoglobin transport O2 from lungs to tissues
• Myoglobin O2 storage protein
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Mb and Hb subunits structurally similar
•8 alpha-helices•Contain heme group
•Mb monomeric protein•Hb heterotetramer (22)
myoglobin
hemoglobin
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Heme group
• Heme = Fe++ bound to tertapyrrole ring (protoporphyrin IX complex)
• Heme non-covalently bound to globin proteins through His residue
• O2 binds non-covalently to heme Fe++, stabilized through H-bonding with another His residue
• Heme group in hydrophobic crevice of globin protein
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Oxygen Binding Curves•Mb has hyberbolic O2 binding curve
•Mb binds O2
tightly. Releases at very low pO2
•Hb has sigmoidal O2 binding curve
•Hb high affinity for O2 at high pO2
(lungs)
•Hb low affinity for O2 at low pO2
(tissues)
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Oxygen Binding Curve
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Oxygen Binding Curve
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O2 Binding to Hb shows positive cooperativity
• Hb binds four O2 molecules
• O2 affinity increases as each O2 molecule binds
• Increased affinity due to conformation change
• Deoxygenated form = T (tense) form = low affinity
• Oxygenated form = R (relaxed) form = high affinity
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O2 Binding to Hb shows positive cooperativity
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O2 Binding induces
conformation change
T-conformation R-conformation
Heme moves 0.34 nm
Exposing crystal of deoxy-form to air cause crystal to crack
Show Movie
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Allosteric Interactions
• Allosteric interaction occur when specific molecules bind a protein and modulates activity
• Allosteric modulators or allosteric effectors• Bind reversibly to site separate from
functional binding or active site• Modulation of activity occurs through change
in protein conformation
• 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), CO2 and protons are allosteric effectors of Hb binding of O2
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Bohr Effect• Increased CO2 leads to decreased pH
CO2 + H2O <-> HCO3- + H+
• At decreased pH several key AA’s protonated, causes Hb to take on T-conformation (low affinty)
• In R-form same AA’s deprotonated, form charge charge interactions with positive groups, stabilize R-conformation (High affinity)
• HCO3- combines with N-terminal alpha-amino group to form carbamate group. --N3H+ + HCO3
- --NHCOO-
• Carbamation stabilizes T-conformation
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Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)• BPG involved
acclimation to high altitude
• Binding of BPG to Hb causes low O2 affinity
• BPG binds in the cavity between beta-Hb subunits
• Stabilizes T-conformation
• Feta Hb (22) has low affinity for BPG, allows fetus to compete for O2 with mother’s Hb (22) in placenta.
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Mutations in - or -globin genes can cause disease
state• Sickle cell anemia – E6 to V6
• Causes V6 to bind to hydrophobic pocket in deoxy-Hb
• Polymerizes to form long filaments
• Cause sickling of cells
• Sickle cell trait offers advantage against malaria
• Fragile sickle cells can not support parasite
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Fourteen-strand fibers of Hb S and the interactions involving beta 6 Val
RETURN TO RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
For additional details see:
Dykes, G., Crepeau, R.H. and Edelstein, S.J. (1978). Nature 272, 506-510. [Abstract]Rodgers, D.W., Crepeau, R.H. and Edelstein, S.J. (1987). [Abstract]Cretegny, I. and Edelstein, S.J. (1993). [Abstract]