Download - Chapter 4 Notes
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Chapter 4 Cell Process And Energy
These are some nasty
cells!
You’re some nasty cells!
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Cell Biology 1) All living organisms are composed of cells, from just one to many trillions, whose details usually are visible only through a microscope. As a basis for understanding this concept:
d) Students know that mitochondria liberate energy for the work that cells do and that chloroplasts capture sunlight energy for photosynthesis. e) Students know cells divide to increase their numbers through a process of mitosis, which results in two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes. f)Students know that as multicellular organisms develop, their cells differentiate.
Genetics2) A typical cell of any organism contains genetic instructions that specify its traits. Those traits may be modified by environmental influences. As a basis for understanding this concept:
e) Students know DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of living organisms and is located in the chromosomes of each cell.
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Section 1 Photosynthesis - Sun is the source of energy for most living things- energy is used to carry out cellular function- the process of turning light energy into chemical energy (food) called photosynthesis
This grass is so nice and green
because of photosynthesis
!
I think photosynthesis is cooler than my brother!
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Photosynthesis
= process by which a cell captures energy from the sunlight to make food
-plants, algae, and some bacteria can do photosynthesis
-Plants use the energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars (carbohydrates)
-2 stages
-Stage 1 = capturing the energy
-Stage 2 = producing the sugar
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8139187002927068738&q=photosynthesis&total=317&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=9
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Stage 1
-In plants this happens in the green parts = chloroplasts
-Pigments = colored compounds that absorb the light
-Main pigment is chlorophyll
-Chloroplasts can be different colors than green as well
-This powers the second stage of photosynthesis
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Stage 2
- use captured energy to produce sugar (food)
- raw materials = water and CO2
- water goes in through the roots
- CO2 through the underside of the leaves = Stomata
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Photosynthesis Equation
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-Plant cells use some of the energy from photosynthesis for the plant cell functions
-Some used to make more plant cells (more carbohydrates)
-Some stored for later use (ex. Potatoes, carrots, etc)
-Byproduct for plants (waste) is Oxygen (O2)
-All organisms that carry out photosynthesis produce O2
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Photosynthesis and Life
-Autotroph = organism that makes it’s own food (photosynthesizers)
-Heterotroph = organisms that can not make their own food – they need energy from plant sugars
-Almost all plants and animals get their energy directly or indirectly from the sun’s energy
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Section 2 Respiration
= releasing energy from breaking down food particles (usually glucose)
+ Energy
Play Converting Food To Energy
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-2 stages in respiration
-#1 takes place in the cytoplasm by breaking glucose into smaller molecules = small amount of energy released
-#2 takes place in the mitochondria by breaking down the pieces from #1 into even smaller pieces = lots of energy released – requires oxygen – carbon dioxide and water are products along with energy released
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Fermentation = requires no oxygen to get energy out of food
-found in deep ocean and mud
-Amount of energy released is much lower during respiration
-Alcoholic Fermentation = occurs in yeast – alcohol is a waste product – also CO2 causes yeast to rise in baking and CO2 bubbles in beer and sparkling wine
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Lactic Acid Fermentation = in muscles when you push them harder than you can supply O2 by breathing (ex. Sprinting)
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Section 3 Cell Division
Cell Cycle = growth and division of cells – important for replacing old or damaged cells
6 Parts
1 Interphase
2 Prophase
3 Metaphase
4 Anaphase
5 Telophase
6 Cytokinesis
Mitosis
Play Mitosis Video
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Interphase for a cell going into mitosis
-Cell grows to mature size
-Makes a copy of DNA – one will go to each daughter cell (the two new cells) – DNA still loose
-Prepares to divide
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Mitosis = cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei – one copy of DNA to each daughter cell
Loose Chromatin DNA condenses into 1 Chromosome holding two Chromtids at a Centromere
chromosomes
centromere
Sister chromatids
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Prophase
-DNA condense to form Chromosomes
-Spindle fibers form
-Nuclear Membrane breaks down
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Metaphase
-Chromosomes line up along center of cell (equator)
-Spindle fiber attaches at centromere
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Anaphase
-centromeres split and chromatids separate
-Each chromatid goes to separate sides of the cell
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Telophase
-New nuclear membranes form
-Cells begin to divide
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Cytokinesis
-Cell separates into two new cells
-Plant cell forms a cell plate between the two
-Each daughter cell ends up with same number of chromosomes and about half the organelles & cytoplasm
-Cell Cycle now over
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DNA Replication
-happens before mitosis occurs
-Each daughter cell get a copy of DNA
-Looks like a twisted ladder or spiral staircase
-Called a “Double Helix”
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-Sides of ladder made of deoxyribose sugar
-Rungs of ladder have nitrogen bases
-Adenine pairs with Thymine
-Guanine pairs with Cytosine
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DNA Replication
-two sides unzip
-New nucleotides floating around in the nucleus pair up with each half
-A goes with T and G with C
-Each side makes an exact match of the original DNA
Play RNA saved Video
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Cancer
-a disease where the cells grows and divides uncontrollably and damages healthy tissue around it
-More than 100 types of cancer
-Named after where it begins but can spread
-Begins with damaged portion of DNA = mutation
-Mutation causes cell to divide uncontrollably
-Tumor = mass of abnormal cells
-Treatments = surgery, radiation, and/or drug therapy (chemotherapy)
-Treatments also kill healthy cells
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- 2/3 of cancer deaths are caused by tobacco use or unhealthy diets
Go to http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/dental/slide_show.htm
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Section 4 Cell Differentiation - Differentiation = process by which cells change in structure and become capable of carrying out specialized functions = cells become different from one another – some will forms groups of similar cells called tissues – tissues come together to form organs
Play Cell Differentiation Video
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- plants and animals start off as one cell – through mitosis and differentiation the single cell becomes an organism with specialized structures – plan for which type of cell it will become is encoded in the DNA found in the all the cell nuclei – DNA guides how the cell develops
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– differentiation occurs when certain sections of DNA are turned off – guides the development of the cells – once cells differentiate they usually lose their ability to become a different type of cell
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– Plant cells differentiate in similar way as animal cells – cells form tissues that form roots, stems and leaves
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– stem cells can differentiate throughout life – found throughout the body – respond to certain needs in the body by becoming specialized cells – ex. Red Blood Cells