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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Folk and Folk and Popular Popular CultureCulture
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What is Culture?What is Culture?
Regional differences Regional differences that are the essence that are the essence of Human Geographyof Human Geography
Culture can be visible Culture can be visible and invisibleand invisible
What are the different What are the different elements of culture? elements of culture?
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Definition of CultureDefinition of Culture
Culture is the Culture is the specialized behavioral specialized behavioral social patterns, social patterns, understandings, understandings, adaptations, and adaptations, and social systems that social systems that summarize a group of summarize a group of people’s learned way people’s learned way of life.of life.
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CCULTUREULTURE: : CCULTUREULTURE: :
The total way of The total way of life of a society, life of a society, it is learned, it is learned, shared, shared, adaptive, and adaptive, and dynamic.dynamic.
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Habits are formed in Habits are formed in the way the way individualsindividuals do things.do things.
Customs develop as Customs develop as a a groupgroup practices a practices a repetitive habit that repetitive habit that eventually becomes eventually becomes the norm.the norm.
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NormsNorms: : NormsNorms: :
The beliefs The beliefs and values and values that influence that influence our actions our actions and affect our and affect our outward outward behaviorbehavior..
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CustomsCustoms: : CustomsCustoms: :
norms that come about norms that come about as solutions to human as solutions to human problems, two kinds: problems, two kinds: FolkwaysFolkways and and MoresMores..
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FolkwaysFolkways: : FolkwaysFolkways: :
The ordinary The ordinary rules of daily rules of daily behavior which behavior which are accepted and are accepted and expected by the expected by the members of a members of a given society. given society. Preferred Preferred behaviorbehavior..
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MoresMores: : MoresMores: :
customs that customs that are deemed are deemed necessary for necessary for the welfare of the welfare of the society. the society. Required Required behavior.behavior.
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Laws - mores Laws - mores that have that have been codified been codified and carry and carry specific specific consequencesconsequences
DeathDeath
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Taboo - a Taboo - a religious or religious or magical magical stricture, stricture, something that something that is not done for is not done for fear of fear of punishment by punishment by magic or God. magic or God.
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Folkway, More or Taboo?Folkway, More or Taboo?Folkway, More or Taboo?Folkway, More or Taboo?
Eating with ChopsticksEating with Chopsticks
Not marrying your sisterNot marrying your sister
Stopping at red lightStopping at red light
Bowing when meetingBowing when meeting
Not eating porkNot eating pork
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Not eating human fleshNot eating human flesh
Removing shoes at doorRemoving shoes at door
Holding door for womenHolding door for women
Taking off hat indoorsTaking off hat indoors
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Culture Displays a Culture Displays a Social StructureSocial Structure
Framework of roles Framework of roles and interrelationships and interrelationships of individuals and of individuals and groups.groups.Individuals learn and Individuals learn and adhere to the rules adhere to the rules not only of the culture not only of the culture but of specific but of specific subcultures to which subcultures to which he/she belongs.he/she belongs.
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Sub – Cultures inAmerica
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Components (structure) of Components (structure) of CultureCulture
Culture TraitsCulture Traits
Culture ComplexCulture Complex
Culture RegionCulture Region
Culture RealmCulture Realm
GlobalizationGlobalization
Small
Large
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Culture TraitsCulture Traits
Smallest item of Smallest item of culture-building block culture-building block of culture.of culture.Learned behavior Learned behavior ranging from ranging from language spoken to language spoken to tools to games.tools to games.They can be objects, They can be objects, techniques, beliefs, or techniques, beliefs, or attitudes.attitudes.
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Culture ComplexCulture Complex
Individual cultural Individual cultural traits that are traits that are functionally functionally interrelated. interrelated.
Examples include: Examples include: religious complexes, religious complexes, business behavior business behavior complexes, sports complexes, sports complexes.complexes.
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Culture RegionsCulture Regions
Culture traits and Culture traits and complexes have areal complexes have areal (spatial) extent.(spatial) extent.
Used to show the Used to show the spatial extent of spatial extent of similar cultural areas.similar cultural areas.
Examples - Cajun Examples - Cajun RegionRegion
http://www.louisianamuseums.org/trail/images/map/map_cajun.gif
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Culture RealmCulture Realm
Cultural regions showing similar complexes Cultural regions showing similar complexes and landscapes are grouped to form a and landscapes are grouped to form a larger area.larger area.
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Cultural Realms of the Modern World
Figure 2.4
2-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Structure of CultureStructure of Culture
Two schools - different terms Two schools - different terms similar ideassimilar ideas
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Two Schools of Thought to Structure Two Schools of Thought to Structure CultureCulture
Leslie White Leslie White Ideological subsystemIdeological subsystem– Ideas beliefs and Ideas beliefs and
knowledge of a culture knowledge of a culture and the ways these and the ways these ideas are expressed in ideas are expressed in speech or other forms speech or other forms of communication.of communication.
Julian HuxleyJulian Huxley
Mentifacts -Mentifacts - – what we ought to what we ought to
believe, value and how believe, value and how we should actwe should act
Mythology, theology, legend, literature, philosophy, language, and religion.
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White White HuxleyHuxley
Technological Technological subsystem subsystem Material objects, together Material objects, together with the techniques of with the techniques of their use. Tools and their use. Tools and weapons.weapons.
ArtifactsArtifacts
Material objects, Material objects, together with the together with the techniques of their techniques of their use. Tools and use. Tools and weapons.weapons.
Guns, planes, cars, i-pods, hammers, swords, plows and rockets.
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White White HuxleyHuxley
Sociological subsystemSociological subsystem
Sum of those accepted Sum of those accepted and expected patterns of and expected patterns of interpersonal relations interpersonal relations that find their outlet in that find their outlet in economic, political, economic, political, military, religious, kinship military, religious, kinship and other associations. and other associations.
SociofactsSociofacts
Defines the social Defines the social organization of organization of culture.culture.
Dictates our social Dictates our social behavior.behavior.
Family , Army, Government, Wall Street
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Identify elements in each of the following pictures as Identify elements in each of the following pictures as artifactartifact, , sociofactsociofact or or mentifactmentifact - briefly explain your reasons. - briefly explain your reasons.
It is possible for elements of the pictures to represent a combination It is possible for elements of the pictures to represent a combination of categories.of categories.
2. 1.
3. 4.
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Cultural Landscape - Carl SauerCultural Landscape - Carl Sauer
““The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. landscape by a cultural group. CultureCulture is the agent, is the agent, the the natural areanatural area is the medium, the is the medium, the cultural cultural landscapelandscape is the result. Under the influence of a is the result. Under the influence of a given culture, itself changing through time, the given culture, itself changing through time, the landscape undergoes development, passing through landscape undergoes development, passing through phases, and probably reaching ultimately the end of phases, and probably reaching ultimately the end of its cycle of development. With the introduction of a its cycle of development. With the introduction of a different -that is an alien- culture, a rejuvenation of different -that is an alien- culture, a rejuvenation of the cultural sets in, or a new landscape is the cultural sets in, or a new landscape is superimposed on remnants of an older one.”superimposed on remnants of an older one.”
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Stable and close knit Stable and close knit
Usually a rural community Usually a rural community
Tradition controls Tradition controls
Resistance to changeResistance to change
Buildings erected without architect or Buildings erected without architect or blueprint using locally available building blueprint using locally available building materialsmaterials
anonymous origins, diffuses slowly anonymous origins, diffuses slowly through migration. Develops over time.through migration. Develops over time.
Clustered distributions:Clustered distributions: isolation/lack of isolation/lack of interaction breed uniqueness and ties to interaction breed uniqueness and ties to physical environment.physical environment.
Folk CultureFolk Culture
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FOLK ARCHITECTUREFOLK ARCHITECTURE
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FOLK ARCHITECTUREFOLK ARCHITECTUREEffects on Landscape:Effects on Landscape:
usually of limited usually of limited scale and scope.scale and scope.
Agricultural:Agricultural: fields, fields, terraces, grain storageterraces, grain storage
Dwellings:Dwellings: historically historically created from local created from local materials: wood, brick, materials: wood, brick, stone, skins; often stone, skins; often uniquely and uniquely and traditionally arranged; traditionally arranged; always functionally always functionally tied to physical tied to physical environment.environment.
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FOLK FOODFOLK FOOD
How did such differences develop?
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Hog Production and Food CulturesHog Production and Food Cultures
Fig. 4-6: Annual hog production is influenced by religious taboos against pork consumption in Islam and other religions. The highest production is in China, which is largely Buddhist.
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U.S. House U.S. House Types by Types by RegionRegion
Small towns in different regions of the eastern U.S. have different combinations of five main traditional house types.
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North American Folk Culture Regions
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Food Taboos:Food Taboos:Jews – can’t eat animals that chew Jews – can’t eat animals that chew
cud, that have cloven feet; can’t mix meat cud, that have cloven feet; can’t mix meat and milk, or eat fish lacking fins or scales; and milk, or eat fish lacking fins or scales;
Muslims – no pork; Muslims – no pork; Hindus – no cows (used for oxen during Hindus – no cows (used for oxen during monsoon)monsoon)
Washing Cow in Ganges
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Popular CulturePopular CultureClothing:Clothing: Jeans, for example, and have become Jeans, for example, and have become
valuable status symbols in many regions valuable status symbols in many regions including Asia including Asia andand Russia despite longstanding Russia despite longstanding folk traditions.folk traditions.
Soft Drinks – Coke and Pepsi can beFound all over the world.
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Popular CulturePopular CultureWide Distribution: Wide Distribution: differences from place to differences from place to
place uncommon, more likely differences at place uncommon, more likely differences at one place over time.one place over time.
Housing:Housing: only small regional variations, more only small regional variations, more generally there are trends over timegenerally there are trends over time
Food: Food: franchises, cargo planes, superhighways franchises, cargo planes, superhighways and freezer trucks have eliminated much local and freezer trucks have eliminated much local variation. Limited variations in choice variation. Limited variations in choice regionally, esp. with alcohol and snacks. regionally, esp. with alcohol and snacks. Substantial variations by ethnicity.Substantial variations by ethnicity.
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