CHAPTER 4 CONTENT “IN THE MIDDLE OF DIFFICULTY LIES
OPPORTUNITY.” ALBERT EINSTEIN
TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES
TISSUE CLASSIFICATION
EPITHELEALCONNECTIVEMUSCLE NERVEMUSCLE AND NERVE WILL BE DISCUSSED
IN LATER CHAPTERS.
EPITHELEAL TISSUES
SQUAMOUSCUBOIDALCOLUMNAR
CAN BE ARRANGED IN DIFFERENT MANNERS
SIMPLESTRATIFIEDPSEUDO-STRATIFIEDTRANSITIONAL
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE – ONE LAYER THICK; FOUND IN AREAS ALLOWING EXCHANGE TO OCCUR.
STRATIFIED – FOUND WHERE WEAR AND TEAR OCCURS ON CELLS.
PSEUDO-STRATIFIED- APPEAR LAYERED BUT ARE NOT
TRANSITIONAL – ABLE TO EXPAND AREA BUT NOT BASIC CELL SHAPED
SPECIAL FEATURES OF EPITHELIUM
GOBLET CELLS – PRODUCE MUCUSCILIA – HAIR LIKE PROJECTIONS
INVOLVED WITH MOVEMENT ON EDGE OF STRUCTURE
QUICKLY REPAIR SELF; ADAPT TO WEAR AND TEAR (IE CALLUSES ON HANDS)
GLANDS
PRODUCES A SUBSTANCE SENT TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY TO FUNCTION
EXOCRINE – THE SUBSTANCE EXITS THE GLAND THROUGH A DUCT
ENDOCRINE – THE BLOOD VESSELS PICK UP THE SUBSTANCE WITHIN THE GLAND TO DISTRIBUTE TO THE BODY
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
PROVIDES SUPPORTMATRIX – NONLIVING MATERIAL
BETWEEN TISSUES MADE OF WATER, FIBER, AND HARD MINERALS
3 CLASSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CIRCULATING – LYMPH, BLOODGENERALIZED – FIBROBLASTS- TENDON,
LIGAMENTS, JOINT CAPSULESSTRUCTURAL – ASSOCIATED WITH THE
SKELETON- CARTILAGE, BONE
GENERALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOSE AREOLAR – AROUND VESSELS/ ORGANS, IN
MEMBRANES, BETWEEN MUSCLES, UNDER THE SKIN
ADIPOSE – FAT TISSUE
DENSE IRREGULAR – FIBROUS MEMBRANES TO COVER
ORGANS REGULAR – TENDONS (MUSCLE TO BONE) AND
LIGAMENTS (BONE TO BONE)
CARTILAGE
STRONGER THAN OTHER TISSUES EXCEPT BONE
MADE OF CHONDROCYTESHYALINE – TRANSLUCENT “GRISTLE”,
COVERS LONG BONES, BETWEEN RIBS/ STERNUM, NOSE
FIBROCARTILAGE – PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, SPINAL DISC, AROUND KNEE JOINT
ELASTIC - OUTER EAR, LARYNX
BONE
OSSEOUS TISSUECARTILAGE AS A FETUS, OSSEFIES NEAR
BIRTH AND CONTINUES TO DEPOSIT MINERALS
OSTEOBLASTS – CELLS THAT WILL BECOME OSTEOCYTES (BONE CELLS), BUILD BONE
OSTECLASTS – BREAK DOWN BONE TISSUE FOR RESORPTION BY THE BODY, ‘CRUNCH’ BONE
MORE IN CHAPTER 7
MUSCLE TISSUE
SKELETAL MUSCLE VOLUNTARY, STRIATED, MULTINUCLEATED
CARDIAC MUSCLE INVOLUNTARY, STRIATED, INTERCALATED DISCS,
MULTINUCLEATE
SMOOTH MUSCLE INVOLUNTARY, SMOOTH, UNINUCLEATE MORE IN CHAPTER 8
NERVE TISSUE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ALL NERVES OUTSIDE THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN
NERVE CELL – NEURON; IMPULSE TRAVELS FROM DENDRITES TO THE CELL BODY, THEN DOWN THE AXON TO THE AXON TERMINAL WHERE NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE RELEASED TO STIMULATE THE NEXT DENDRITES OR ORGANS
NEUROGLIA – SUPPORT CELLS FOR THE BRAINMORE INCHAPTER 9 AND 10
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
SEROUS – LINE THE CLOSED VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES; HAS PARIETAL AND VISCERAL LAYERS PLEURA PERICARDIUM PERITONEUM
MUCUS – LINE BODY WHERE IT IS EXPOSED TO OUTSIDE THE BODY
CUTANEOUS – SKIN (CHAPTER 6)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES
SYNOVIAL – BETWEEN JOINTS; SECRETE LUBRICANT; ALSO LINE THE BURSAE
MENINGES – COVERING OF BRAIN & SPINAL CORDFASCIA – FIBROUS BANDS/ SHEETS TO HOLD ORGANS
IN PLACE SUPERFICIAL – LIES UNDER THE SKIN, HOLDS FAT DEEP – COVERS, PROTECTS SKELETAL MUSCLES
FIBROUS PERICARDIUM – CAVITY WHERE HEART SITSPERIOSTEUM – FIBROUS COVERING OF BONEPERICHONDRIUM – COVERING AROUND CARTILAGE
MEMBRANE AND DISEASE
MEMBRANES TEND TO SEPARATE CAVITIES SO THEY SLOW THE SPREAD OF INFECTION.
OTHER TIMES THE MEMBRANES THEMSELVES ARE INFLAMED.
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
TUMORS (– OMAS)
BENIGN – DOES NOT SPREAD
PAPILLOMAADENOMALIPOMAMYOMAANGIOMANEVUSCHONDROMAOSTEOMA
MALIGNANT – SPREADS
CARCINOMA ( FROM EPITHELIUM)
SARCOMA – (CONNECTIVE TISSUE)
NEUROMA – NERVE TISSUE GLIOMA
LYMPH TISSUE LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA
DIAGNOSING CANCER
‘CAUTION’ – MONITOR THE SYMPTOMSMICROSCOPIC STUDY OF SAMPLE FROM BODY
BIOPSY – NEEDLE, PUNCH, ENDOSCOPIC, SURGICALRADIOGRAPHY – X RAYS, DENSE TISSUEULTRASOUND – SOUND WAVES, SOFT TISSUECOMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY – CROSS -
SECTIONAL XRAYS; USED WITH BRAINMAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING – MAGNETS
AND RADIO WAVES FOR SOFT TISSUEPOSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY –
RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE GIVEN WHICH CONCENTRATES IN ACTIVE CELLS = ‘HOT SPOT” – NOTES CANCER ACTIVITY
SERUM TESTING – CA 125, GENES
TREATMENT OF CANCER
STAGING – T, N, MSURGERYRADIATIONCHEMOTHERAPYTARGETED IMMUNOTHERAPY
TISSUES AND AGING
TISSUE LOSES ELASTICITYCOLLAGEN LESS FLEXIBLE
BLOOD VESSELS LESS FLEXIBLE = HTN LESS BLOOD FLOW TO LOWER = HARD TO HEAL
TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS STRETCH STOOPED POSTURE JOINT INSTABILITY
BONES LOSE CALCIUM PRONE TO FRACTURE; OSTEOPOROSIS
MUSCLES ATROPHY
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYHIST/O-EPI-PSEUD/O--BLASTCHONDR/O-OSS, OSSE/O –OST/E-MY/O- CARDI/O-LEUK/OGRAPH/OULTRA-ANT/I-
NEUR/O-PLEUR/O-PERI--ITISARTHR/O-NEO-MAL--OMAONC/O-PAPILL/O-ADEN/O-ANGI/O-