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Chapter 4
Aviation Industry
Certification Requirements
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Aviation Industry• Most heavily regulated
• Design of vehicles• Manufacturing efforts• Operation• Maintenance
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Aircraft Certification• Full certification
• 3 certificates necessary• Type certificate• Production certificate• Airworthiness certificate
• Certifies• Aircraft design• Manufacturing process• Aircraft
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Type Certificate (TC)• TC awarded only to:
• Products manufactured in U.S.• Foreign-made products • Use under U.S. registry• U.S. operators under lease or charter
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Type Certificate (TC)• Apply for TC in early stages of design
• Vehicle• Engines/propellers• Various instruments/systems/equipment• Capabilities/limitations• Passenger/cargo limits• Altitude limits• Fuel capacity• Cruise speed (top speed)
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Type Certificate (TC)• Data Sheet
• Attached to type certificate• Identified parameters
• Designed to exact FAA standards• Safety• Airworthiness
• Design must be proven• Inspections• Test flights• Final FAA proving flight
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Type Certificate (TC)• TC Awarded
• Remains in effect until• Superseded• Revoked• Termination date established by FAA
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Supplemental TC• Variations or derivatives of model
• TC amended• Required FAA approval
• Supplemental Type Certificate (STC)• Define existing product• Modifications affecting original design• Additional data sheet
• Design must be proven• Final FAA proving flight
• TC then awarded
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Production Certificate (PC)• Manufacturer applies for
• After TC is awarded• FAA Manufacturing Inspection District Office
(MIDO)
• FAA is satisfied with• Quality control system• Necessary manufacturing/production
facilities• Effective quality system for compliance• Approved design data of each unit built to TC
standards
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Production Certificate (PC)• Manufacturer applies for
• After TC is awarded• FAA Manufacturing Inspection District Office
(MIDO)
• FAA is satisfied with• Quality control system• Necessary manufacturing/production
facilities• Effective quality system for compliance• Approved design data of each unit built to TC
standards• Each aircraft built to TC design
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Production Certificate (PC)• Manufacturer
• One production certificate• Subsequent aircraft added to original PC• May also list limitations
• PC effective• Manufacturer complies with requirements• FAA (for just cause)
• Revokes• Suspends• supersede
• New technology, aircraft, derivative• Additional FAA inspections of manufacturer’s
facilities/processes
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Airworthiness Certificate (AC)• Awarded for each aircraft manufactured
• Inspected• Conform with TC• Successful flight test• Contains aircraft’s unique serial (tail) number
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Airworthiness Certificate (AC)• Conditions for remaining in effect
• Aircraft meets type design• Aircraft in condition for safe operation• Applicable Ads incorporated• Maintenance/alterations performed in
accordance with applicable FARs
• Conditions not met - FAA• Cancel • Suspend• Supersede• Revoke
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Delivery Inspection• Customer
• Built to specifications/requirements• Design• Options• Shape• Color• Airline logo• Test flight
• Company flight crew• Cabin crews
• Discrepancies corrected before delivery
• Customer accepts aircraft• Responsible for maintaining airworthy condition
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Operator Certification (OC)• New operator
• Meet requirements of • Department of Commerce• Department of Transportation
• Provide necessary information• Understands commercial aviation operation• Obtains necessary people, facilities, processes
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Operator Certification (OC)• Applicant
• Develop operations specification document• Type of service offered• Type of aircraft utilized• Routes to be flown• Airports/alternate airports to be used• Navigation/communication facilities utilized on
each route• Way points used in navigation• Takeoff/approach routes
• Any alternate approach routes
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Operator Certification (OC)• Applicant
• Develop operations specification document• Maintenance/inspection programs
• Scheduled/unscheduled maintenance programs• Engine/equipment repair program
• Quality assurance program• Reliability program• Third party maintenance
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Operator Certification (OC)• New operator
• DOT• Determines applicant is fit, willing, and able to perform
service• Issues certificate of public convenience and necessity
• Flight Standards District Office (FSDO)• Issues OC to airline company• Authorizes carrier to operate service• Not transferable
• OC remains in effect until• Surrendered by operator• Superseded by another certificate• Revoked by FAA
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Operator Certification (OC)• Remains in effect until
• Surrendered by operator• Superseded by another certificate• Revoked by FAA• Department of Commerce• Department of Transportation
• Provide necessary information• Understands commercial aviation operation• Obtains necessary people, facilities, processes
• DOT• Determines applicant is fit, willing, and able to perform
service• Issues certificate of public convenience and necessity
• Flight Standards District Office (FSDO)• Issues OC to airline company• Authorizes carrier to operate service• Not transferable
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Aviation Word Pairs• Operational check/Functional check
– Operational check• “Task to determine if an item is fulfilling its
intended purpose”– Operate equipment, system, or component as usual – Determine whether or not it is useable for its
intended purpose
– Functional check• “Quantitative check to determine if each
function of an item performs within specified limits”
– Equipment, system, or component has been checked
– Using necessary equipment/tools to measure certain parameters for accuracy
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Aviation Word Pairs• Functional failure/Potential failure
– Functional failure• “Inability of an item to meet a specific
performance standard”
– Potential failure• “Detectable condition which shows a
functional failure is imminent or could happen very soon”
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Aviation Word Pairs• Goals/Objectives
– Goals• “Point in time or space where you want a level
of accomplishment”
– Objectives• “Action or activity you employ to achieve a
specific goal”
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Airline Maintenance Goals• Airline purpose
– Move people/goods from one place to another
– (For profit)• Maintenance organization
– Support the unit’s operation– “Deliver airworthy vehicles to the flight department
in time to meet the flight schedule”– “Deliver these vehicles with all necessary
maintenance actions completed or properly deferred”
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Airline Maintenance Goals• FAA
– Requires maintenance to be done at specified intervals and to accepted standards• Deferrals
– Lack of parts, time constraints, etc– In accordance with MEL– No further extension can be granted
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Maintenance Program Content• Manual
– 2 groups of tasks• Scheduled tasks
– Accomplished at specified intervals
• Non-scheduled tasks– Conducted after scheduled tasks– Reports of malfunctions– Data analysis
– Efficient program• Schedule only tasks necessary to meet stated
objectives• Do not schedule additional tasks
– Increases costs without reliability increase
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Maintenance Objectives• 4 objectives identified by ATA
– Developed during initial maintenance program with a new airplane model
– Book adds additional objective
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Maintenance Objectives• Objective 1
– Ensure the realization of the inherent safety and reliability levels of the equipment• Scheduled maintenance tasks• Developed by
– Equipment manufacturer– Airline maintenance organization– Third-party maintenance company– Industry-supported organization
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Maintenance Objectives• Objective 2
– Restore safety and reliability to their inherent levels when deterioration has occurred• Unscheduled maintenance tasks
– Troubleshooting actions– Removal/replacement of parts/components– Performance of tests/adjustments
• Developed by– MSG process– Contained in manufacturer’s maintenance manual
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Maintenance Objectives• Objective 3
– Obtain the information necessary for adjustment and optimization of the maintenance program when these inherent levels are not met• Operator adjusts/optimizes program
– Investigates if failure/removal rates too high– Quality of maintenance performed– Inferiority of parts/components– Inadequacy of maintenance processes/procedures– Maintenance intervals inadequate
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Maintenance Objectives• Objective 4
– Obtain the information necessary for design improvement of those items whose inherent reliability proves inadequate• Cannot achieve desired level of reliability
– Deficiency in design– Coordinate with other operators/manufacturers– Could be joint effort
• Result - redesign
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Maintenance Objectives• Objective 5
– Accomplish these objectives at a minimum total cost, including costs of maintenance and the cost or residual failures• Don’t do more maintenance than required
– Meet inherent levels of safety and reliability
• Cost of modifications too high– May not be justified unless– Measureable increases in performance justify the
cost