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Chapter 4
Atoms and the Periodic Table
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Design of the Periodic Table
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Dmitri Mendeleev
Designed the Periodic Table
![Page 5: Chapter 4 Atoms and the Periodic Table Design of the Periodic Table](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110100/56649e4c5503460f94b41bf9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
GROUPS
ERIODS
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Elements in the SAME GROUP have SIMILAR PROPERTIES
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Name 2 elements that have properties similar to those of Fluorine (F)?
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ClBrIAt
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Important Groups on the Periodic Table
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Groups 3-12
Transition Metals
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Group 17
Halogens
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Group 18
Noble Gases
Do NOT react
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Elements are made up of atoms
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Basic Atomic Structure
3 particles 1. Protons2. Electrons3. Neutrons
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Protons
(p+) PositiveFound in the Nucleus
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Electrons
(e–) NegativeFound in the electron cloud
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Neutrons
(n0) Neutral Found in the Nucleus
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Basic Atomic Model
Nucleus
Protons = p+
Neutrons = n0
Protons = p+ Electrons = e-
Electrons = e-
Electrons = e-
Electrons = e-
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Overall charge of an Atom?
Neutralprotons always equal electrons
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Atomic NumberIdentifies the element
Indicates the number of protons
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Atomic Mass
The decimal point number (28.09)
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Mass Number Rounded whole number (28.09 = 28)
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Rounding Rules
Look at the tenths position
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1 4 8.0 2 6
Hun
dred
ste
nson
este
nth
shu
ndre
dth
sth
ousa
ndth
s
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5 and UP Round UP
4 or lower STAYS THE SAME
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Rounding4.017.4211.7422.80
471223
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Determining P E N
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Protons (p+)
the Atomic number
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Electrons (e-)The SAME Number as PROTONS
p+ = e-
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Neutrons (n0) FIRST ROUND the Decimal Number then SUBTRACT the Whole Number
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Example
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Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Mass Number
18
39.95
40
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P
E
N
18 (Atomic Number)
18 (p+ = e-)
40 22 - 18 22
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Atomic # = 1Atomic Mass = 1.007Mass # = 1
1
H 1.oo7
P = 1E = 1N= 0 1 -1 0
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2
He
4.002
•P = 2
•E= 2
•N= 2 4
-2
2
Atomic # = 2Atomic Mass = 4.002Mass # = 4
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Atomic # = 3Atomic Mass = 6.94Mass # = 7
3
Li
6.94
P= 3E= 3N= 4 7 -3 4
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Atomic # = 4Atomic Mass = 9.01Mass # = 9
4
Be
9.01
P = 4
E = 4
N = 5 9
-4
5
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Atomic # = 5Atomic Mass = 10.81Mass # = 11
5
B
10.81
P = 5E = 5N = 6 11 -5 6
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Atomic # = 6Atomic Mass = 12.01Mass # = 12
6
C
12.01
P =6E= 6N= 6 12 -6 6
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Atomic # = 7Atomic Mass = 14.06Mass # = 14
7
N
14.06
P = 7E = 7N = 7 14 -7 7
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Atomic # = 8Atomic Mass = 15.99Mass # = 16
8
O
15.99
P= 8E= 8N= 8 16 - 8 8
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Atomic # = 9Atomic Mass = 18.99Mass # = 19
9
F
18.99
P= 9E= 9N= 10 19 - 9 10
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Atomic # = 10Atomic Mass = 20.17Mass # = 20
10
Ne
20.17
P= 10E= 10N= 10 20 - 10 10
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Drawing an Atom
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Electrons exist in energy levels (orbitals) the cloud
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Energy Level Number of Electrons it Holds
FIRST 2 SECOND 8
THIRD 18
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How many Levels?
PERIOD = Energy Level
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Atomic # = 1Atomic Mass = 1.007Mass # = 1
1
H 1.oo7
P = 1E = 1N= 0 1 -1 0
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)
1 HNucleus
P=1
N=0
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2
He
4.002
•P = 2
•E= 2
•N= 2 4
-2
2
Atomic # = 2Atomic Mass = 4.002Mass # = 4
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)
2 HeNucleus
P=2
N=2
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Atomic # = 3Atomic Mass = 6.94Mass # = 7
3
Li
6.94
P= 3E= 3N= 4 7 -3 4
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) )
2 1 LiNucleus
P=3
N=4
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Atomic # = 4Atomic Mass = 9.0122Mass # = 9
4
Be
9.0122
P = 4
E = 4
N = 5 9
-4
5
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) )
2 2 BeNucleus
P=4
N=5
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Atomic # = 5Atomic Mass = 10.81Mass # = 11
5
B
10.81
P = 5E = 5N = 6 11 -5 6
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) )
2 3 BNucleus
P=5
N=6
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Atomic # = 6Atomic Mass = 12.01Mass # = 12
6
C
12.01
P =6E= 6N= 6 12 -6 6
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) )
2 4 CNucleus
P=6
N=6
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Atomic # = 7Atomic Mass = 14.007Mass # = 14
7
N
14.007
P = 7E = 7N = 7 14 -7 7
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) )
2 5 NNucleus
P=7
N=7
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Atomic # = 8Atomic Mass = 15.99Mass # = 16
8
O
15.99
P= 8E= 8N= 8 16 - 8 8
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) )
2 6 O
Nucleus
P=8
N=8
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Atomic # = 9Atomic Mass = 18.99Mass # = 19
9
F
18.99
P= 9E= 9N= 10 19 - 9 10
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) )
2 7 F
Nucleus
P=9
N=10
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Atomic # = 10Atomic Mass = 20.17Mass # = 20
10
Ne
20.17
P= 10E= 10N= 10 20 - 10 10
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) )
2 8 Ne
Nucleus
P=10
N=10
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Atomic # = 13Atomic Mass = 26.982Mass # = 27
13
Al
26.982
P= 13E= 13N= 14 27 - 13 14
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) ) )
2 8 3 Al
Nucleus
P=13
N=14
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Atomic # = 16Atomic Mass = 32.06Mass # = 32
16
S
32.06
P= 16E= 16N= 16 32 - 16 16
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) ) )
2 8 6 S
Nucleus
P=16
N=16
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Atomic # = 17Atomic Mass = 35.45Mass # = 17
17
Cl
35.45
P= 17E= 17N= 18 35 - 17 18
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) ) )
2 8 7 Cl
Nucleus
P=17
N=18
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Design of the Periodic Table
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Dmitri Mendeleev
Designed the Periodic Table
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GROUPS
ERIODS
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Elements in the SAME GROUP have SIMILAR PROPERTIES
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Name 2 elements that have properties similar to those of Fluorine (F)?
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ChlorineBromineIodineAstatine
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Nonmetal
Metal
Metalloid
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Metals
Located to the LEFT of the Zig-zag line
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Nonmetals
Located to the right of the zig-zag line
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Metalloids
Located along both sides of the zig-zag
properties of both metals and nonmetals
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The farther away an element is from the zig-zag line the MORE REACTIVE the element
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Zinc or Sodium
Chlorine or Aluminum Magnesium or Iron
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Group 18 (Noble Gases)
DO NOT REACT
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IsotopesAtoms of the SAME element with different numbers of NEUTRONS
Ex: 35Cl 37Cl
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Isotope P+ n0Mass #
35 Cl 17 1835
37 Cl 17 2037
E -
17
17
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The most common isotope of an element is the mass number on the periodic table
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12C13C14C
12C is the most common isotope
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1H2H3H
1H is the most common isotope
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4 Energy Levels
(8/2 Jump Rule)
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Fill energy levels one and two to their max.
Fill the 3rd energy level with 8 Electrons
Fill the 4th with 2 electrons
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Jump back down to the 3rd level and continuing filling until it is maxed out
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5th energy level…
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Max out all the energy levels up to the last two energy levels and do the 8/2 jump rule
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When doing the 8/2 jump rule the energy level that receives 8 will never hold above 18
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6th and 7th Energy Levels
18/8/2 Rule
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Max out all energy levels except the last three
Do the 18/8/2 rule
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18/8/2Jump down to 18 and fill up to 32 electrons
Jump up to the 8 and fill up to 18
Jump up to the 2 and put in the leftovers
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Name 2 elements that have properties similar to those of Sodium (Na)?
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Lithium (Li)Potassium (K)Rubidium (Rb)Cesium (Cs)Francium (Fr)
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Name 2 elements that have properties similar to those of Calcium (Ca)?
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Beryllium (Be)Magnesium (Mg)Strontium (Sr)Barium (Ba)Radium (Ra)
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Physical Properties of metals
Luster (shininess)Conductors of heat and electricity
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Ductile (can be made into thin wires)
Malleable (can be hammered into sheets)
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Physical Properties of nonmetalsDull (no luster)Do not conduct heat and electricity
Not ductileNot malleable
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Group 1 (Alkali Metals)
The MOST REACTIVE group
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Group 2
Alkaline Earth Metals
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Groups 3 -12
Transition Metals
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Group 17The Halogens
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