Download - Chapter 3: The Biosphere
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Chapter 3: The Biosphere
ECOLOGY-the study of interactions among organisms & between organisms and their environment or surroundings.
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:BIOSPHERE-the largest level…to include all living things 8 km above the Earth’s surface & 11 km below the surface of the ocean.
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BIOMEGroup of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant
communities.
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ECOSYSTEM*A collection of all the organisms
that live in a particular place, together with their non-living,
physical environment.*Lowest level of environmental
complexity that includes living & non-living factors.
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COMMUNITY*The simplest group of more than one kind of organism in the biosphere.*Different populations that live together in a defined area.
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POPULATIONAll members of the same
species that live in one area.
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SPECIES (Individual)*Group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring.
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•Species make up _________.•Populations make up _____.•Communities make up _____.•Ecosystems make up _____.•Biomes make up the ________.
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ECOLOGICAL METHODS*Basic methods used by ecologists to study the living world are:
*Observing*Experimenting*Modeling
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OBSERVING**Simply making observations of what the scientist is studying.
EX: Counting populations of a certain species.
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EXPERIMENTING*Experiments are used to test hypotheses…these can take place outside in the field OR in a laboratory.
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MODELING*Models are used when studies involve long periods of time or when the study involves large complex systems.*Ecological models may consist of mathematical formulas based on data collected through observation & experimentation.
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EX: Predicting a population fluctuations in a community…
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3-2 Energy Flow*Sunlight is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems…it is the main energy source for life on Earth.
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In FEW ecosystems organisms get their energy from another source.*Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds.(Inorganic = without carbon)EX: Chemo synthetic bacteria
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AUTOTROPHS*defined…An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds.*Autotrophs capture energy from sunlight or chemicals to produce food.
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EXAMPLES OF AUTOTROPHS:*Plants, some algae, & certain bacteria;*Autotrophs are also called producers.
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PRODUCERDefined…organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals & use it to produce food from inorganic compounds.
PRODUCERS = AUTOTROPHS
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PRODUCERS ARE ESSENTIAL TO THE FLOW OF ENERGY IN THE
BIOSPHERE.Autotrophs use the sun’s energy to make food through a process called PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS(Photo = light)
Process by which plants & some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water & carbon dioxide into oxygen & food/energy molecules.
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Photosynthesis- Page 68…Figure 3-5
6 CO2 + 6 H2O --- C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Which element does each letter in the formula stand for?
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CONSUMERSDefined…organism that relies on other organisms for its energy & food supply…also called a HETEROTROPH.
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HETEROTROPHDefined…An organism that CANNOT MAKE its own food.
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Types of Heterotrophs:•HERBIVORE- organisms that obtain energy by eating only PLANTS.•CARNIVORE- organisms that obtain energy by eating animals.•OMNIVORE-organisms that obtain energy by eating plants & animals.
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DETRIVORES-
Organisms that obtain their energy by feeding on the remains of plants, animals, & other dead matter.DETRIUS- dead plant & animal remains (& other dead matter).
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DECOMPOSER-Heterotrophic organism that breaks down & obtains energy from dead matter.
*****KNOW EXAMPLES OF ALL TYPES OF CONSUMERS!!
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FEEDING RELATIONSHIPSEnergy flows through an ecosystem in ONE direction…from the sun or inorganic compounds to PRODUCERS (autotrophs) and to various CONSUMERS (heterotrophs).
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FOOD CHAINSFigure 3-7 Page 69
FOOD CHAIN- a series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating or by being eaten!**Food chains show a ONE WAY ONLY energy flow in an ecosystem.
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FOOD WEBS•FOOD WEB- a network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem.•A food web links all the food chains in an ecosystem…See Figure 3-8 page 71;
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Each step in a food web is called a TROPHIC LEVEL.A TROPHIC LEVEL…is a “feeding level” one step in a food chain or food web.**Producers make up the FIRST trophic level.
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CONSUMERS MAKE UP:*2nd Trophic Level (primary consumers)*3rd Trophic Level (secondary consumers)*4th Trophic Level (tertiary consumers)*5th Trophic Level (quaternary consumers)
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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDSPAGE 72
Defined…A diagram that shows relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web.
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3 Types of Ecological Pyramids:•ENERGY PYRAMIDS•BIOMASS PYRAMIDS•PYRAMIDS OF NUMBERS
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ENERGY PYRAMID*shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level.*Only 10% of the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next. The rest is ‘lost’ as heat.
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BIOMASS PYRAMID*Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level.*The greatest biomass is usually at the bottom of the pyramid!!
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BIOMASS- the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level. Biomass is usually expressed in terms of grams of organic matter/unit area.
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A biomass pyramid represents the amount of potential food available at each trophic level in the pyramid.
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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS…shows the relative numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level.
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Because each trophic level harvests only about 1/10 of the energy from the level below, it can only support about 1/10 the amount of living tissue.
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3-3 CYCLES OF MATTERUNLIKE the one way flow of
energy, MATTER is RECYCLED within and between ecosystems.
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BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLESDefined…process in which elements, chemical compounds, & other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another AND from one part of the biosphere to another.
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THE WATER CYCLEEVAPORATION- process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas.TRANSPIRATION-evaporation of water from the leaves of plants.
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Precipitation- rain, snow, sleet, or hail.RUN OFF-water that runs along the surface of the Earth;
GROUNDWATER- water that seeps into soil;
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NUTRIENT CYCLE*Nutrients-chemical substances required to keep an organism alive.
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CARBON CYCLE*Carbon is a key ingredient in all living organisms.*Be sure to study the carbon cycle on page 77 for your test!!!
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CARBON CYCLE *Carbon cycles between various components of the biosphere….BIOLOGICAL-Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition;GEOCHEMICAL-release of CO2 by volcanoes.
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(Carbon Cycle)*Human Activity-mining, industry, burning fossil fuels;*MIXED BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES-burial of organisms that turn into fossil fuels such as coal.
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NITROGEN CYCLE*All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids which in return make PROTEINS.*There are many different forms of nitrogen: Nitrogen Gas (N2); Ammonia (NH3); Nitrate Ions (NO3
-); Nitrite Ions (NO2
-);
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(Nitrogen Cycle)*Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere is very abundant but cannot be used DIRECTLY by most organisms.Only certain types of bacteria can use the “free nitrogen”.
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NITROGEN FIXATION
Defined…the process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia…this is carried out by bacteria that live in “nodules” on the roots of certain types of plants.
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Other bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates & nitrites.*Once the nitrates & nitrites are available…PRODUCERS can use them to make proteins.CONSUMERS eat the producers & reuse the nitrogen to make their OWN proteins.
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(Nitrogen Cycle)*When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia. Plants are able to use ammonia (fertilizer!!);
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DENITRIFICATIONDefined…the conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas (with the help of certain bacteria!)
*This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere.
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PHOSPHORUS CYCLE*Phosphorus is important to living things because it forms important life sustaining molecules such as DNA & RNA.
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(phosphorus cycle)*Phosphorus does not enter the atmosphere like carbon, water, & nitrogen.
It remains mostly on land and in oceans.
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NUTRIENT LIMITATIONPRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY-the rate at which organic matter is created by producers.
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LIMITING NUTRIENT-Defined…a substance that is scarce or cycles very slowly and therefore limits the ecosystem…in terms of an organism’s growth.