THE AGE OF REFORMATIONChapter 3
Pre-Reformation developments Challenges to the Medieval church
The Avignon Popes and the Great Schism Secular papacy and worldliness in church-simony and
nepotism Lay movements that protested clerical holders of
benefices and preached new theology Albigensians, Waldensians, Lollards, Hussites
Martin Luther-Address to the Christian Nobility of the German nation (1520)-summary of economic grievances
Indulgences
Remission of the temporal penalty imposed on penitents as a “work of satisfaction” for temporal sins
Priest would hear confession-absolve the penitent of guilt of sin, and then give them a “work of satisfaction”-prayer, fasting, etc
Person who did not do this would suffer in purgatory for a time
Pope Clement VI-RC church had a treasury of merit that could be dispensed by Pope-Sale of Letters of Indulgences
Indulgences cont
1517-Pope Leo X-declared a plenary Jubilee indulgence to rebuild St. Peter’s basilica
Practice had expanded to selling indulgences to permit sale of indulgences for oneself and for dead loved ones
1519-Johann Tetzl, priest, commissioned to go sell indulgences in the borders of Saxony
Martin Luther 1483-1546
Luther
Father miner, wanted him to be a lawyer
1505-Conversion experience-walking home in thunderstorm –lightning flashing
“St. Anne help me, I will become a monk”
Luther the priest and monk 1507-ordained priest 1510-Journeyed to Rome 1511-entered Augustinian monastery 1512-earned doctorate in theology
Spiritual crisis of Luther-”The righteousness of God,” and his own personal sinfulness”
Luther’s Tower experience
Studying theology at the U. of Wittenberg Studying book of Psalms and Romans “justification by faith alone”-Sola fide “the just shall live by faith” Humans not granted salvation by good
works or by religious ceremonies Humans granted salvation by faith in Christ
alone received from the grace(gift) of God Good works the fruit of salvation, not the
root of salvation
1517-Luther posts 95 Theses in Wittenberg
95 Theses
Condemnation of sale of indulgences Circulated by northern humanists by
printing press Election of Charles 1 of Spain as the
new Holy Roman emperor-elected by 7 Imperial electors
Frederick the Wise-one of the lectors and Luther’s protectors
The Leipzig debate with Professor John Eck Challenges the infallibility of the
Pope Justification by faith alone-sola fide Sovereign authority of the scripture
alone-”sola scriptura” against the Papal claims
1520-3 famous Pamphlets
The Address to the Christian nobility of the German Nation
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
The Freedom of the Christian
1520-Leo’s Papal bull-Exsurge Domine-ML a heretic
April 1521-Diet of Worms
Meeting of the HRE-headed by Emperor Charles V
Luther order to recant, refuses “Here I stand” speech Declared an outlaw to secular
authorities Protected by German princes and
elector Frederick at Wartburg castle
Here I Stand
Lutheranism
Doctrine of “sola fide” and “sola scriptura” Practice of 2 sacraments-Holy Baptism and
Holy Communion (Eucharist) Doctrine of real presence of Christ in
Eucharist-”in, with, and under the bread” Priesthood of all believers Clergy allowed to marry NT in German Against worship of saints, relics,
indulgences
Propaganda-16th century style
Pope and his friends as dogs, goats, pigs and demons
ML as 7 headed beast
Papal indulgence hawkers in the Jaws of hell
Luther as saint and as devils bagpipeSaint Sinner
Imperial distractions
Imperial Wars with France Advance of the ottoman Turks into
Eastern Europe
Charles V-King of Spain and HRE, needed German troops loyal to German princes
Magistrates and Princes of German cities adopt Lutheran reforms
The Peasants Revolt
The Peasant’s Revolt
Peasants saw Lutheranism as something that would support political and economic rights
Peasants revolt against landlords-1524-1525
Luther condemns them as “Un-Christian”
Thousands of peasants killed in suppression of revolt
Lutherans not revolutionary in social sense
The Swiss Reformation
Switzerland loose confederation of 13 autonomous cantons or states
Growth of Swiss nationalism opposing mercenary service
Desire for church reform
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
Ulrich Zwingli
Friend and student of Erasmus Critic of Swiss mercenary service Opposed indulgences , doctrine of
purgatory, invocation of saints and religious superstitions not rooted in Scripture
Fathered child with barber’s daughter
Became people’s priest in Zurich
Zwingli
1522-Broke the Lenten fast Whatever lacked literal support in scripture
was condemned Raised questions about a host of practices in
RC church Marburg Colloquy-(1529) Meeting between
Zwingli and Luther-went badly Debate over meaning of
Eucharist-”spiritual” or “real” presence of Christ in Eucharist
Result-2 different Protestant confessions
Swiss Civil Wars
Cantons split-some Protestant and some catholic
2 major battles-one in 1529 and one in 1531
Zwingli wounded and then executed in 2nd battle
Treaty allowed each canton to determine its own religion
Zwingli’s followers eventually merged with Calvinism
The Murder of Zwingli
Anabaptism
16th Century ancestors of Mennonites and Amish
Rejected infant baptism and practiced believers baptism for converted adults
Preached a more radical interpretation of the faith-thought Luther and Zwingli only went half-way
Refused to swear oaths, participate in secular offices, and serve in military-pacifists
Anabaptist Reign in Munster Rebaptism becomes a capital offence 1534-1535-Anabapitis come to
power, try to create a new Zion-OT theocracy
Lutherans and Catholics forced to convert or leave-radical practices of polygamy
City besieged by Lutheran and Catholic armies
Anabaptist leaders burned at the stake and boned hanged in cages for all to see
Munster
Menno Simons (1496-1561)
Founder of the Mennonites Pacifist separatist Anabaptists
The Amish
Split within Swiss Anabaptists Followers of Jacob Ammann Related to but distinct with the
Mennonites 45000 live in Indiana
Amish in Indiana
The Amish
Practice separation-not connected to electrical grid, television, radio, computers
Ordnung-set of rules passed down from generation from generation
Rumspringen Practice of shunning Speak Pennsylvania Dutch and dialect of
Swiss German in Indiana communities https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=fWR7_PkyJ2M
Welcome to Elkhart, Indiana
Amish in Indiana
Amish humor
The Spiritualists
Disdain for external, institutional religion
Believed in the direct communion of the Holy Spirit in the hearts of believers
Caspar Schwenckfeld-Schwenckfeldian church
1734vCame to Pennsylvania
Jean (John) Calvin
John Calvin
Born to well to do French family Educated lawyer who embraced
reform in the church Institutes of the Christian Faith -
Definitive theological statement of the Protestant Faith
Calvinism-theology
The Sovereignty of God-God I supreme over all creation, knows all things and has all power
Total depravity-All have sinned all fall short of the glory of God
Unconditional Election-God predestined some to be saved and some to be damned-It is God’s choice
Limited Atonement—Jesus dies for the Elect Irresistible Grace-The elect cannot resist the grace
of God Perseverance of the Saints-once saved, always
saved
Doctrine of predestination Doctrine for mature Christians Doctrine of assurance God is in control of all things from
the beginning to the end The elect would have good works
and conform their will to the will of God if they were truly part of the elect
Geneva and Calvin’s church Late 1520’s-Geneva revolts against
prince-bishop 1536-Geneva votes to adopt
Reformation practices 1536-Calvin draws up articles of
governance and new catechism 1540-Geneva implements new
ecclesiastical ordinances
Geneva cont
1. Pastors 2. Teachers and doctors of the faith 3. Elders-12 laypeople who oversaw the faith
and life of the church to maintain discipline 4. Deacons to dispense good works
Goal: Create the city of God on earth-transform society both spiritually and morally
1555-Geneva home to thousands of exiled Calvinists
Consistory
12 elders and pastors that served as church court to inspect people’s lives and enforce discipline
Calvinism
Puritans-England Presbyterians-Scotland Hugenots-France
Doctrine of Predestination and the Elect
“4 walls and a sermon” Emphasis on Sabbath observance Importance of catechism
Westminster Catechism
WESTMINSTER LARGER CATECHISM Q. 1. What is the chief and highest
end of man?A. Man's chief and highest end is to glorify God,[a] and fully to enjoy him forever.[b]
Antitrinitarians
Commonsense, rational, and ethical religion
Religious toleration and freedom of conscience
Leader was Spaniard Michael Servetus-executed in Geneva by John Calvin for blasphemy
Strong opponents of Calvinism Forerunners of Unitarianism
Political Consolidation
1530-Diet of Augsburg-Charles V orders all Lutherans convert back to Catholicsm
1530-Lutherans adopt Augsburg Confession-statement of Lutheran belief
1531-Formation of the Schmalkaldic League-Lutheran defensive alliance
1540’s-Charles V sends Imperial armies to crush Protestants
The Map of European religions
Peace of Augsburg-1555
Made the division permanent “Curius regio, eius religio” The ruler
of the land would determine its religion
Recognized in fact what was already in practice
Did not extend religious recognition to Calvinism and Anabaptism
The King’s Great Matter
The English Reformation-Preconditions Lollardy-anti-catholic reform
movement in the mid-14th Century-followers of john Wycliffe
William Tyndale-translated NT into English 1524-25
Widespread humanism and anti-clerical sentiment
Henry VIII
Marriage to Catherine of Aragon Father to one daughter Mary-many
miscarriages and stillbirths, also lost some of her youthful beauty
God’s Punishment?? Catherine was the wife of Henry’s older brother Arthur
Forbidden by canon and biblical law Leviticus 18:16: “If a man shall take his
brother’s wife, it is an unclean thing, they shall be childless.”
Special dispensation from Pope Julius 2
1527-The Kings has an Affair Anne Boleyn-Catherine’s lady in
waiting Henry demands a papal annulment
so he can put away Catherine and marry Ann Boleyn
1527-Imperial soldiers capture Rome, Pope Clement a virtual prisoner of Charles V
Cardinal Wolsey
Powerful cardinal who was Henry’s Lord Chancellor was put in charge of securing the divorce-failure
Dismissed in disgrace in 1529
Thomas Cromwell
Lutheran sympathizer who became King’s chancellor
No way to papal annulment Declare Henry head of the English
church
The Reformation Parliament 1533-Henry weds Anne Bolelyn,
secretly pregnant 1533-Acts on Restraints of Appeals-
no appeals to the Pope, marriage made null and void
1534-Act of Supremacy-Henry VIII the head of the Church of England , not the Pope
1534-Act of Succession-Anne Boleyn’s children only legitimate heir to the throne
The Marriage
Acts of Restraints of Appeals
Opposition
Sir Thomas More refuses to recognize Acts of Parliament
Executed by Henry VII 1536 and 1538-Parliament dissolves
England’s Monasteries and nunneries Henry seizes church lands and
property
The King’s Religious convictions Henry conservative on religious
matters On the 7 Sacraments-he had been
named Defender of the Faith 6 articles of 1539 Reaffirmed transubstantiation,
denied the cup to laity, declared celibacy mandatory, invocation of saints
Henry’s successors
Henry dies in 1553 Edward VI only 10 years old Full scale Protestant reformation enacted 1549-Act of Uniformity imposes Thomas
Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer 42 Article of Faith by Thomas Cranmer 1553-1558-Mary 1-restored Catholic
doctrine and practice 1558-1603-Elizabeth 1-Anglican
settlement
Thomas Cranmer
"WE do not preſume to come to this thy table (o mercifull lord) truſting in our owne righteouſnes, but in thy manifold & great mercies: we be not woorthie ſo much as to gather up the cromes under thy table: but thou art the ſame lorde whoſe propertie is alwayes to have mercie: Graunt us therefore (gracious lorde) ſo to eate the fleſhe of thy dere ſonne Jeſus Chriſt, and to drynke his bloud in theſe holy Miſteries, that we may continuallye dwell in hym, and he in us, that our ſynfull bodyes may bee made cleane by his body, and our ſoules waſhed through hys moſt precious bloud. Amen.
""WE do not presume to come to this thy Table (O merciful Lord) trusting in our own righteousness, but in thy manifold and great mercies. We be not worthy so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy Table. But thou art the same Lord, whose property is always to have mercy: Grant us therefore, gracious Lord, so to eat the Flesh of thy dear Son Jesus Christ, and to drink his Blood, in these holy Mysteries, that we may continually dwell in him, and he in us, that our sinful bodies may be made clean by his Body, and our souls washed through his most precious Blood. Amen."
The Catholic Counter Reformation-internal reform Founding of new religious orders Spanish mysticism
Saint Teresa of Avila Saint John of the Cross
Mysticism-St Theresa
I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it...
The Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola-Society of Jesus The Jesuits-soldiers of Christ
Spiritual Exercises-Devotional guide that encouraged religious and moral self-discipline
Encouraged absolute devotion to the Church
St. Francis Xavier
Father Jacques Marquette
The Council of Trent 1545-1563 Reassertion of church doctrine Ended worse abuses of selling church
offices and church goods Better training of priests-set up
seminaries Reaffirmed traditional Catholic
doctrines Set up Index and Inquisition
Magisterial reformers
Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinist reformers
Worked within framework of reigning political powers
Wanted reform within reigning laws and institutions
Some see them as essentially conservative forces and accepting of sociopolitical status quo
Education
Implementation of education reforms of humanism in new Protestant schools and universities
Studia humanitatis-study of the humanities
Relief of the Poor
Pre-reformation-charity of each individual Christian
Rise of prot reformation-poor houses and collections for the poor
1495-Vagabond Act of 1495 Poor laws passed in 1600s
Deserving and Undeserving poor “The Worthy Poor”
Role of Women
Favored clerical marriage and opposed monasticism (convents and nunneries)
Opposed medieval depiction of women as temptresses (Eve) and exalted as virgin (Mary)
Women praised as wives and mothers Sacredness of home and family-The Holy
Household Idea of companionate marriage Women gained right to divorce and remarry
Marriage
Marriage at later ages-men in their mid to late 20’s, women in their early to mid 20’s
Requirement of parental consent and public vows
Late marriage and material problems 1 in 5 women never married-15 %
unmarried widows Arranged marriages-parents discussed the
terms of the marriage-”love” and marriage
Marriage and family
Nuclear family-father and mother and 2-4 children
Average husband and wife had 6-7 children
1/3 died by age 5, ½ by teens Child death and families Artificial birth control-opposed by
church Support of hired wet nurses-opposed
by Church
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Wrote in deeply Catholic Spain Aggressive piety of Catholic rulers Preoccupation with honor and loyalty 1603- Don Quixote
Story of middle aged man who has come to believe he is a brave knight and tries to prove it with heroic deeds
William Shakespeare
Greatest playwright of the English language
Wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies
Richard III, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth
Wildly popular and touched on universal themes
Political conservative who accepted social rankings and power structure
Witch Persecution 1480-1700
Witches
Outbreaks of Witch related hysteria start to break out in early 1500’s
1515-Geneva, Switzerland-burn 500 suspected witches at the stake
1524-1000 executions in Como, Italy 1571-Witch hysteria sweeps through Frannce
1500-1660-Between 50,000 and 80,000 executed as witches
26000 dead in Germany
Cunning Folk
Folk healers who used folk medicine or folk remedies-”white magic”
Maleficium
Latin term for wrongdoing or mischief to people or property
Diabolism
Devil-worship
The Malleus Maleficarum
The Hammer of Witches Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger
Professional manual for witch hunters
Malleus Maleficarum
Answers skeptics who don’t believe in witches
Singles out women as the source of evil, especially midwives
Lays out procedures for trials and executions
Misogyny and the Hammer
But because in these times this perfidy is more often found in women than in men, as we learn by actual experience, if anyone is curious as to the reason, we may add to what has already been said the following: that since they are feebler both in mind and body, it is not surprising that they should come more under the spell of witchcraft . . .
But the natural reason is that she is more carnal than a man, as is clear from her many carnal abominations. And it should be noted that there was a defect in the formation of the first woman, since she was formed from a bent rib, that is, a rib of the breast, which is bent as it were in a contrary direction to a man. And since through this defect she is an imperfect animal, she always deceives . . .
And indeed, just as through the first defect in their intelligence that are more prone to abjure the faith; so through their second defect of inordinate affections and passions they search for, brood over, and inflict various vengeances, either by witchcraft, or by some other means. Wherefore it is no wonder that so great a number of witches exist in this sex . . .
To conclude. All witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which is in women insatiable.
What witches do!
The Malleus Maleficarum, describes how witches were known to "collect male organs in great numbers, as many as twenty or thirty members together, and put them in a bird's nest..." The manual recounts a story of a man who, having lost his penis, went to a witch to have it restored:
She told the afflicted man to climb a certain tree, and that he might take which he liked out of a nest in which there were several members. And when he tried to take a big one, the witch said: You must not take that one; adding, because it belonged to a parish priest.