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Computer Maintenance Software(CM274)
Chapter 3:Network Protocols & TCP/IP Utilities
Prepared by Eisa Haider
Supervised by Meshal Al-Dhamen
(Oct., 2015)
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Network Protocols
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Network Protocols
• Network Protocols provide link services, handle addressing and routing,error checking, and retransmission requests.
• Examples:• IP (Internet Protocol): Packet forwarding and routing.
• IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange): Novell's protocol for packet forwarding and routing.
• NWLink: Microsoft's implementation of Novell's IPX/SPX protocols.
• NetBEU: Transport for NetBIOS sessions and applications.
• DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol): An AppleTalk data transport protocol.
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TCP/IP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basiccommunication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used asa communications protocol in a private network.
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IP Addressing
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IP Addressing
• An IP address is a unique identifier for a node or host connection on anIP network.
• There are two versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) are in use: IP Version4 (IPv4) and IP Version 6 (IPv6).
• Each version defines an IP address differently.
• Because of its prevalence, the generic term IP address typically still refersto the addresses defined by IPv4.
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IP Addressing
• An IP address is a 32 bit binary number usually represented as 4 decimalvalues, each representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 separated bydecimal points.
• Example:• 140.179.220.200
• 10001100. 10110011.11011100.11001000
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IP Addressing
• Every IP address consists of 2 parts, one identifying the network, andone identifying the node.
• The class of the address and the subnet mask determine which partbelongs to the network address and which part belongs to the nodeaddress.
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Address Classes
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Address Classes
• There are 5 different address classes. You can determine which class anIP address is in by examining the first 4 bits:
1. Class A addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal.
2. Class b addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal.
3. Class C addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal.
4. Class D: Multicast.
5. Class E: Research.
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Address Classes
• Addresses beginning with 01111111 or 127 decimal (127.0.0.0 to127.255.255.255), are reserved for loop back and for internal testing ona local machine.
• Test this:You should always be able to ping 127.0.0.1, which points to yourself.
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Address Classes
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Address Classes
Now you can see how the Class determines, by default, which part of theIP address belongs to the network and which part belongs to the node.
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Address Classes
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Class Number of Networks Number of Hosts
A 126 16,777,214
B 16,384 65,534
C 2,097,152 254
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Private Subnet
• There are 3 IP network reserved for private networks. The addresses are:• 10.0.0.0/8
• 172.16.0.0/12
• 192.168.0.0/16
• They can be used by anyone setting up internal IP networks, such as a lab orhome LAN.
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Subnet Masking
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Subnet Masking
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• Applying a subnet mask to an IP address allows you to identify thenetwork and node parts of the address.
• The network bits are represented by the 1s in the mask, and the nodebits are represented by the 0s.
Subnet Masking
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• Performing bitwise logical AND operation between the IP address andthe subnet mask results in the Network Address or number.
• For example, using our test IP address (140.179.240.200) and thedefault Class B subnet mask, subnet mask, we get:
10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000 140.179.240.200 Class B IP Address
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.000.000 Default Class B Subnet Mask
10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000 140.179.000.000 Network Address
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Subnet Masking
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140.179.240.200
255.255.000.000
140.179.000.000
Default Subnet Masks
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Class A 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class B 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Class C 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.1111111.00000000
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TCP/IP Utilities
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TCP/IP Utilities
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1. TRACERT.
2. PING.
3. ARP.
4. NETSTAT.
5. IPCONFIG.
6. NSLOOKUP.
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1. TRACERT
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• TRACERT can be used to trace the path that an IP packet takes to itsdestination.
• TRACERT uses ICMP Echo packets and their TTL to determine the routeand hope count.
• When a connection between host A and B fails, you can use TRACERT tofind out where the packet stopped.
• The target can be either a name or an IP address.
1. TRACERT
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1. TRACERT
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Use TRACERT -d to turn off host name resolving which speeds up thetracing.
2. PING
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• PING utility is a diagnostic tool that you can use to test TCP/IPconfiguration and connections.
• Use the PING utility to determine whether a particular TCP/IP host isreachable or available.
• The target can be either a name or an IP address.
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2. PING
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Some common situations where PING can be used:
1. To verify that TCP/IP has been initialized and is correctly installed byusing ping command with the loopback address (127.0.0.1).
2. To verify that the default gateway is available and that the computercan communicate with a remote host through a router by pinging ahost on a remote network.
2. PING
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3. To verify that DNS host name resolution is available by pinging anexisting host name.
4. To verify that WINS name resolution is available by pinging an existingNETBIOS name.
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2. PING
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3. ARP
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• The ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to resolve an (Layer 3) IPaddress to a (Layer 2) MAC address.
• The ARP utility provides the functionality to modify or display the ARPcache table.
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1. ARP
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Use ARP -a to display current ARP entries.
4. NETSTAT
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• NETSTAT displays TCP/IP protocol statistics and information about TCPand UDP connections to and from your computer.
• Use NETSTAT –a to display all the connections and listening ports.
• Use NETSTAT –e to display Ethernet statistics, such as the number ofbytes and packets sent and received.
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4. NETSTAT (NETSTAT –a )
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4. NETSTAT (NETSTAT –e )
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5. IPCONFIG
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• IPCONFIG displays TCP/IP configuration information and renew andrelease DHCP assigned address configuration.
• Using IPCONFIG /All displays full configuration information.
5. IPCONFIG
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6. NSLOOKUP
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• NSLOOKUP displays information that can use to diagnose Domain NameSystem (DNS) servers and to send DNS queries to DNS servers.
• NSLOOKUP can be used in interactive (without options) and non-interactive mode.
6. NSLOOKUP (Interactive Mode)
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6. NSLOOKUP (None-Interactive Mode)
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