100 keys, pg. 1038
“Meiosis produces gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. For each cell entering meiosis, the testes produce four spermatozoa, whereas the ovaries produce a single ovum.”
male anatomyand hormones
female anatomyand hormones
female cycles
fertility/contraception/birth control
male
site of spermatogenesisseminiferous tubules in
testes
begins after puberty
continues throughout life
male
spermatogonia divide mitotically
begins meiosis Iprophase Imetaphase Ianaphase Itelophase I with cytokinesis
primaryspematocyte
2 secondaryspermatocytes
male
2 secondaryspermatocytes
begins meiosis IIprophase IImetaphase IIanaphase IItelophase II with cytokinesis
4 spermatids
male hormones
LH acts on interstitial cells
testosterone
FSH acts on Sertoli cells
promotesspermatogenesis
testosterone regulates
spermatogenesis2º sex. char.
100 keys, pg. 1039
“Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues until relatively late in life (past age 70). It is a continuous process, and all stages of meiosis can be observed within the seminiferous tubule.”
(it takes over 2 months from beginning to end)
female
site of oogenesiswithin follicles in the ovary
begins before birth arrested until later
continues cyclically from puberty to ~50
menstrualcycle
menopause
female
oogonia divide mitotically
begins meiosis Iprophase I
arrested here before birth
primaryoocyte
metaphase Ianaphase Itelophase I with cytokinesis
2º oocyte + polar body
female
secondaryoocyte
begins meiosis IIprophase IImetaphase II (another arrest)anaphase IItelophase II with cytokinesis
1 ovum+ 2nd polarbody
female hormones
LH luteinizing hormone
FSH follicle stimulating hormonepromotes
maturation of follicles
progesterone
promotes developmentof corpus luteum
estrogen rebuild endometrium2º sex. char.
prepare/maintain endometrium
100 keys, pg. 1052
“Oogenesis begins during embryonic development, and primary oocyte production is completed before birth. Each month after puberty, the ovarian cycle produces one or more secondary oocytes form the pre-existing population of primary oocytes. The number of variable and responsive primary oocytes declines markedly over time, until the ovarian cycles end at age 45-55.”
100 keys, pg. 1065
“Cyclic changes in FSH and LH levels are responsible for the maintenance of the ovarian cycle; the hormones produced by the ovaries in turn regulate the uterine cycle. Inadequate hormone levels, inappropriate responses to circulating hormones, or poor coordination and timing of hormone production or secondary oocyte release will reduce or eliminate the chances of pregnancy .”
100 keys, pg. 1067
“Sex hormones have widespread effects on the body. They affect brain development, and behavioral drives, muscle mass, bone mass and density, body proportions, and the patterns of hair and body fat distribution. As aging occurs, reductions in sex hormone levels affect appearance, strength, and a variety of physiological functions.”
FERTILIZED EGG(ZYGOTE)
BLASTULA
GASTRULA
NEURULA
FETUS
NEWBORN
SEXUALMATURITY
cleavage
gastrulation
neurulation
organogenesis
parturition
growth anddifferentiation
gametogenesis
senescence
EGG / SPERM d. 5
d. 16
w. 8
w. 38
w. 750
hollowball
threelayers
3.5 weeks:brain formingheart beating
HumanLife
“Cycle”w. 4321
R.I.P.
Unable to get pregnantafter trying for one year
age decreased fertility with age
anatomical blockage scar tissue (STD)
low sperm count temperature?environment?
infertility
assisted reproduction
assisted gamete production (hormones)
artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization…
Assisted reproduction
assisted gamete production hormones
artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization…
surrogate pregnancy legal ??
adoption
GIFT, ZIFT
BABI
population growth control
Population control
Birth control
operating at the level of the population
“operate by preventing births one at a time”
population growth control
Birth control
before fertilization (conception)
after fertilization
aka., contraception
Timeline (this is your life):
conception birth death
egg
sperm
1st 2nd 3rd
contraception
birth control
Contraception
Abstinence
Avoid sexual activity and you won’t get pregnant
(or contract STD’s)
Behavior
(complete)
Contraception
Abstinence
Avoid sexual activity around the time of ovulation…
Behavior
Rhythm
(complete)
(partial)
Birth Control(not contraception)
Works after conception
IUD prevent implant.
Ru 486 cause menses
Abortion remove embryo/fetus
All methods of contraception are birth control…
but not all methods of birth control prevent conception.
Abortion “a highly charged issue”
Roe v. Wade (1973, Supreme Court)
States rights to regulate/prohibit abortion
Roe v. Wade (1973, Supreme Court)
Even after viability (the ability of the fetus to live outside the uterus on its own) a mother can still have an abortion
When does life begin?
life: it doesn’t begin…
When does a new human life begin?
When does a embryo/fetus/baby become a person with rights?
Japan
West Africa
Formosa
Truk
baby is not a person until its first cry
baby is not a person until it’s a week old
baby named when 2-3 years oldbaby with defects were drowned or burned