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Chapter 2Family & Personal Relationships (1)
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Focal questions 1. What are the traditional expectations of mar
riage in Britain? (Pp19, 22, 23) 2. How do you visualise the typical family in m
odern Britain? (Pp 19) 3. What changes in the family and marriage ha
ve occured since the Second World War? Which are the most significant? How do you explain them? (Pp 19, 20, 24, 25, 26)
4. What do you understand of the term "youth culture"? Can you give some specific examples of youth subcultures or cults? Do all youth subcultures have certain common features? (P21)
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A 1 The Family
Diverse familiesNuclear familyLone-parent familyCohabiting coupleCommon-law/de facto marriageCivil partnership
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A 1 Family cont. Marriage: half—fail; rate—lowest since
records in 1840 Divorce: rate—highest in Europe; 1+ch
ild/4 before age 16—divorce of their parents
Lone parenting: increased three-fold in the last 20 years, 1/10 families
4/10 people: born outside marriage 1/10: cohabiting
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http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1865
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Family size Complete family size of 2 kids: 1/3 wome
n Childlessness: 1/5 women Causes: Falling infant death rates fell The expense of having children Career vs. children
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Darren HayesSavage Garden
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Darren on thecivil partnership ceremony
"I can honestly say it was the happiest day of my life," writes Hayes of the civil partnership ceremony, which took place in London. "I feel lucky to live in an era where my relationship can be considered legally legitimate, and I commend the U.K. government for embracing this very basic civil liberty."
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Darren on thecivil partnership ceremony
Britain legalized civil partnerships in December 2005.
Civil Partnership Act 2004 Same-sex couples http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Partners
hip_Act_2004
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London
the most popular region within the UK in which to register a partnership in 2007
The London Borough of Westminster Brighton and Hove Unitary Authority http:
//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1685
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Living in Britain General Household Survey 2002
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http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1685
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Living in Britain General Household Survey 2002
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A 2 YouthYouth: an age group?A social organizationThe 1950s: about ten years after t
he end of WWII A rise in the birth rate Music, films, fashion‘Youth subculture’—teenagers
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A 5 50 Years of Change
The 1950s – a time of great changes in fields of economy, culture, politics.
The 1960s – a decade of rebellious young generation of great expectation
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A 5 50 Years of Change
The 1970s – a decade of strikes and recession
The 1980s – a decade of Thatcherism
The 1990s – a decade of great expectation
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A2 Youth (1970s)Youth Subcultures
Subculture : a ‘cultural group within a larger culture often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture (COD)
A distinct individual style – certain ways of dressing, speaking, listening to music and gathering in similar places
The way of life Inevitable products of affluent society To leave: usu. at the point of marriage
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A2 Youth—Teddy Boys
Rock 'n' Roll: black origin, white musicians like Elvis
Teenage cults Music of the Teddy Boys or 'Teds' Slicked-back ‘quiffs’ or ‘DA’ (ducktai
l) haircuts Narrow ‘drainpipe’ trousers ‘Drape’ jackets, fancy shirts ‘Bootlace’ ties
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A 2 YouthTeddy Boys: Characteristics
Group-mindedness – a reaffirmation of traditional working class values and the strong sense of territory
Extreme touchiness (over-sensitivity) to insults Conditions for its formation – extensive welfare
provision (social security, health, housing), European economic boom with Marshall plan, abolishing of draft, introduction of hire purchase
Drastical and fundamental alteration of the concept of the adolescent
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A 2 Youth cont.Teddy Boys in the 1950s
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A 2 Youth cont.The Beatniks
The “beat” movement in the US in the 1950s Rejection of traditional middle-class American
values, customs The “Beat generation”—beatitude Sputnik I Their visual symbols - jazz, poetry, marijuann
a, the Beatles Counter-cultural, anti-materialistic, bettering t
he inner self
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A 2 Youth Beatniks: Characteristics
Extremely pessimistic about future & possibilities of progress
Aspired for freedom and the anguish of being alone, undecided and separate
No popularity in Britain until mid-1960s; the Hippies
The Simpsons episode
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A 2 YouthThe Beatniks
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A 2 YouthThe Beatles
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A 2 YouthThe Rolling Stones
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A 2 Youth (The 1960s) Mods and Rockers
A new mood of optimism and change Rockers: rock 'n' roll & big motorbikes; 'dressed
down' (in leather jackets and denim); working class, masculinity driven
Mods: American rhythm and blues music & scooters; 'dressed up' (in sharp suits and ties—Italian style); working-class, non-traditional clerical or service jobs
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A 2 YouthRockers and their motor-bikes
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A 2 YouthMods and their scootors
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A2 YouthThe Hippies
‘Hippie’: bohemian, student and radical subcultures
Being critical of growing dominance of technology & bureaucracy of capitalist societies
Distrust of establishment Criticism of inequality and affluence of society Search of social change through peaceful mea
ns Contradictions: Anti-materialistic, yet lived to share the fruits
of affluence Pro-egalitarian, but reactionary
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A 2 YouthSkinheads cont.
The unskilled working-class community Working-class activities: pubs, football and str
eets, associated with football hooliganism The end of the 1960s, relative worsening of situ
ation of working-class Dress – big industrial boots & jeans rolled up h
igh to reveal them Appearance –hair cut to the skull Emphasis on collectivity, physical toughness,
and local rivalry; targets for the aggression—hippies
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A2 Youth cont.Hippies (left) Skin heads (right)
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A2 Youth (1970s) Punks
The 1970s: Punk, Heavy Metal Punk: youth culture in the extreme Spiked hair, ripped and
outlandishly customized clothing Obscene language (much-publicized) To both cut themselves off from society an
d to shock it into action Heavy Metal music: grew in the 1970s; bike
rs
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A 2 Youth cont.The punks
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Taxi Driver
Travis Bickle Jodie Foster John Hinckley President Reagan
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A2 Youth (1970s) Rastafarianism--Rastas
Rastafarianism: a philosophy and a religion originating in Jamaica; black Britain; the reggae music of Bob Marley.
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The Influence of Reggae on Punk
Search for authenticity The romanticization of petty criminality “white translation of black ethnicity” (Hebdige
p.64)—Elvis Presley: “white nigger” Reggae music
Non-mainstream Working class credentials Political awareness Music of the “outsider”
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A 2 Youth (1980s) The Ravers
the New Romantics— wearing flamboyant clothes often like those of the 18C 'dandies'
Hip Hop, the black communities of the USA, rap music, graffiti art, sportswear-based dress and other cultural elements
Rave, grew out of the 'acid house' cult of 1988. American 'house' music, baggy colourful clothing drugs like LSD and Ecstacy. All night dancing events called raves in remote out-of-the-way places
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Graffiti—art or vandalism?
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A 2 Youth (the 1990s)Ragga & Jungle
Predominantly black, ragga music, a dance-oriented form of reggae commonly with the lyric spoken or 'chatted'
Young Asians born in Britain: 'bhangramuffin‘, the Asian music, Bhangra
Jungle, elements of house music and rave culture; the most innovative, original youth culture of the mid-1990s
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Oasis
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60后 70后 80后 90后 1、关于工作 60后:他们要么狂工作,要么不工作 ,狂工作的是为了尽早不工作。
70后:工作狂基本上都是 70后的。80后:拒绝加班!90后 :拒绝上班!
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60后 70后 80后 90后 2、 关于穿着 60后:买衣服要么去购物广场,要么去批发市场。
70后:喜欢穿中等价位牌子的衣服 ,价钱决定购买 .
80后: 喜欢潮流品牌 ,搭配出 FEEL的都不惜购买 .
90后:个性服饰 ,穿衣基本靠冲动 .
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60后 70后 80后 90后 3、关于 K歌 60后:一般只喝不 K,即使 K,也是喝了酒之后,大体是“一无所有”、“北方的狼”
70后:唱 k的时候只会乱吼——例如 2002年的第一场雪,然后就拼命拉着你喝酒,不让你唱。
80后:Mic霸。 90后 :不止会唱,还会跳!
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A 2 YouthMillennial Tension
Young males – postmodernity destroyed traditional social role, respect, authority
Erosion of ‘masculine’ forms of work, sources of self-respect
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A 2 YouthSuicide Solution
Massive increases in suicide amongst young males in UK (5X higher than young women)
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A 2 YouthConclusion
Commercial consumption Blurring of upper and lower boundaries More escapist than oppositional Absorption into mainstream Reinforced expectation that youth will gener
ate consumer ideals Childhood—modernist optimism, youth—po
stmodernist freedom and possibility The real problems
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YouthSamuel Erman
1. Youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind, it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees, it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions, it is the freshness of the deep spring of life.
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Youth cont
2. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows merely by a number of years; we grow old by deserting our ideas.
3. Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.
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Youth cont 4. Whether 60 or 16, there is in every
human being’s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from man and from the Infinite, so long as you are young.
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Youth cont
5. When the aerials are down, and your spirits are covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you’ve grown old even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up to catch waves of optimism, there’s hope you may die young at 80.
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A 4 Marriage & Divorce
Marriage and cohabitation In 2000 : 54% of men & 52% of women aged 16 and over:
married 10% of men & nine% of women: cohabiting 27% of men & 18% of women: single 3% of men & 12% of women: widowed 6% of men & 9% of women: divorced or separa
ted
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A 4 Marriage & Divorce
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=170
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Sociological Explanations of the Increase in Divorce
The value of marriage Conflict between spouses The ease of divorce Women, paid employment and marital
conflict Income and class Age Marital status of parents Background and role expectations Occupation
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http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1866
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http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1925
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All the lonely people
40 years ago,the Beatles asked the world a simple question,they wanted to know where all the lonely people come from.
Grey’s Anatomy All the lonely people, where do they all com
e from? All the lonely people, where do they all belong?
Eleanor Rigby, Beatles
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A 1 The Family cont.One-parent families & their
dependent children
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Estim
ate
d n
um
ber
(mill
ions)
Dependent children inone-parent families
One-parent families
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http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1748
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A 1 Family cont. The traditional family: in decline? The Soul of Britain survey: 80% of Britons: marriage is not out-dated 76% of Britons: marriages to last for life 46% of Britons: lone parenting as a lifestyle c
hoice Columnist Melanie Phillips: the traditional nu
clear family—at the root of democracy (secure, stable, inner-directed and self-confident, a sense of duty and responsibility)
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A 1 Family cont.
Traditional families are better for children Bob Rowthorne (professor of economics
at Cambridge University): step families are very dangerous places for children to be—Higher rate of child murder
Lone-parent families or cohabiting families — not stable
Lone-parent families: poverty and social problems related to poverty
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A 1 The FamilyHome is Where the Heart is
Stable marriage – a happy home life in Millennium Britain (a new Alliance & Leicester public opinion poll by MORI)
1,938 people: what would be the most important ingredient to family life in 25 years time
Stable marriage and less divorce: more than one in four people (26 per cent)
Consistent across all age groups
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Towards a More Civilised Society
European economies: joint taxation In Britain: family commitments—largely i
rrelevant to tax assessment Call for approbation and support from th
e state The married family & the nurture of childr
en -- Center for Policy Studies