Download - Chapter 2
©2011 Cengage Learning
Prepared by: Andrew Owusu Ph.D.
Chapter 2: Psychological and Spiritual Well-Being
Chapter 2 Objectives• Identify the characteristics of emotionally health persons• Name the two pillars of authentic happiness.• Discuss some of the health benefits of prayer.• Describe four ways that sleep affects well-being.• Discuss some of the factors that may lead to suicide, as well as strategies for prevention.
Chapter 2 Objectives• List some of the symptoms of depression and discuss the pros and cons of using antidepressants.• Discuss some of the factors that may lead to suicide, as well as strategies for prevention.• Name the treatment options you will consider if you have a mental health problem, and describe the reason for your choice.
Psychological Well-Being
Emotional Health
Mental Health
Our ability to perceive reality as it is, to respond to its challenges,
and to develop rational strategies for living.
The ability to expressand acknowledge one’s
feelings and moods.
CultureBrings people together, strengthen their bonds, reinforce the
values and beliefs they share, and provide a sense of belonging, meaning, and purpose.
The Three Pillars of Positive Psychology
PositiveEmotions
Positive Traits PositiveInstitutions
“Treatment is not just fixing what is
broken, it is nurturing
what is best within ourselves”.
Emotional Intelligence
• Definition• A term used by some psychologists to
evaluate the capacity of people to understand themselves and relate well to others.
• Emotional Quotient (EQ)• The ability to monitor and use emotions to
guide thinking and actions.• High EQ = increased productivity at work and
happiness at home.• High EQ = decreased incidence of stress,
depression and anxiety, and quicker recovery from serious illness.
The Lessons of Positive Psychology
Knowing Your NeedsThe Maslow Pyramid
Self-actualization
Clarifying Your ValuesInstrumental values
Terminal values
The Pursuit of Self-EsteemConfidence and satisfaction in oneself
Self-actualizationFulfillment of
one’s potential
Self-esteemRespect for self,
respect for others
Love and affectionAbility to give and receive
affection; feeling of belonging
Safety-securityAbility to protect oneself from harm
Physiological needsFulfillment of needs for food, water,
shelter, sleep, sexual expression
The Maslow Pyramid
Fig. 2-1, p. 32
Self-actualization Fulfillment of
one’s potential
Self-esteem Respect for self,
respected by others
Love and affection Ability to give and receive
affection; feeling of belonging
Safety and security Ability to protect oneself from harm
Physiological needs Fulfillment of needs for food, water,
shelter, sleep, sexual expression
Stepped Art
Fig. 2-1, p. 32
Authentic Happiness
Two Pillars to Authentic Happiness
I. Engagement with family, work, or a passionate pursuit and…
II. Finding meaning from some higher purpose
Factors Affecting Happiness
Humor
Genetics
Optimism
Love and Faith
Wealth, Health, and Age
Life Events
Feeling in Control
• Autonomy• Locus of Control• Assertion
Feeling in Control
Autonomy• The ability to draw on
internal resources; independence from familial and societal influences.
Locus of Control• An individual’s belief
about the source of power and influence over his or her life.
• Internal vs. external locus of control
Feeling in Control
Assertion• Behaving in a confident manner to make
your needs and desires clear to others in non-hostile ways.• Use “I” Statements to explain your
feelings• Listen to and acknowledge others• Be direct and specific• Be assertive, not obnoxious
Connecting with Others
• Connectedness vs. social isolation
• Face shyness and social anxiety.
• Join groups.• Participate in projects
or activities.• Surround yourself
with personal acquaintances.
Spiritual Health
• The ability to identify one’s basic purpose in life and to achieve one’s full potential; the sense of connectedness to a greater power.
• It gives a strong sense of purpose, values, morals and ethics.
• Individuals who pray regularly stay healthier and live longer than those who rarely or never do.
Spiritual Intelligence
• The capacity to sense, understand, and tap into the highest parts of ourselves, others, and the world around us.
• Focuses on the discovery of wisdom within.
Prayer
• Prayer may foster a state of peace and calm that could lead to beneficial changes in the cardiovascular and immune systems.
• Membership in a faith community provides an identity as well as support.
Spirituality
GratitudeAppreciation, not just for a special gift, but for
everything that makes life a bit better.
ForgivenessTo let go of all anger and pain that demand time
and waste energy.
AltruismActs of helping or giving to others without thought
of self-benefit.
What Happens When We Sleep?• Stage 1
• A twilight zone between full wakefulness and sleep.• The brain produces small, irregular, rapid electrical waves.
• Stage 2• Brain waves larger with occasional bursts of electrical activity.• Eyes unresponsive and bodily functions slow.
• Stage 3 and 4• The most profound state of unconsciousness • The brain produces slower, larger waves.• “Delta” or slow-wave sleep.
• REM sleep• Vivid dreaming• Brain waves resemble those of waking more than quiet sleep.
These stages are repeated four or five times a night.
How to Sleep Better
• Aim for ~7-1/2 hours of sleep per night• Go to bed and wake up at the same time
each day.• Develop a sleep ritual.• Don’t drink coffee late in the day.• Don’t rely on alcohol to get to sleep.• Limit daytime naps if you sleep poorly at
night.
Fig. 2-2, p. 45
The Mentally Well
Individual
What is a Mental Disorder?
A behavioral or psychological syndrome associated with distress
or disability with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or loss
of freedom.
Table 2-2, p. 48
Gender and Depression
• Depression is twice as common in females versus males, but male depression is an “under” disease• “under-discussed”, “under-recognized”,
“under-diagnosed”, and “under-treated”.
Factors Contributing to DepressionGenes, brain chemistry, sex hormones,
childhood abuse, chronic stress, divorce, job loss, or career setbacks.
Depressive Disorders
Minor Depression
Dysthymic Disorder
Major Depression
Bipolar Disorder
Major DepressionCharacteristic Symptoms
• Feeling depressed• Loss of interest• Eating more or less• Having trouble
sleeping• Feeling slowed down• Lack of energy• Feeling helpless• Difficulty
concentrating
• Difficulty thinking clearly
• Persistent thoughts of death
• Withdrawal from others
• Headaches, digestive problems, aches and pains
Depressive DisordersTreatments
PsychotherapyCognitive-behavior therapy
Interpersonal therapy
MedicationsAntidepressants
Exercise
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Bipolar DisorderManic Depression
Characteristics• Mood swings that take
individuals from manic states of feeling euphoric and energetic to depressive states of utter despair.
• Involves mood swings, changes in thinking, changes in behavior, and changes in physical condition.
Treatment• Mood-stabilizing
medications• Psychotherapy
Anxiety Disorders
Phobias
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety DisordersPhobias
DefinitionAn anxiety disorder maskedby an inordinate fear of an
object, a class of objects,or a situation, resulting in
extreme avoidancebehaviors.
Common PhobiasInvolve animals (dogs, snakes,
insects, and mice); sight of blood; claustrophobia;
acrophobia; and agoraphobia.
TreatmentBehavior therapy
including systematicdesensitization.
Anxiety DisordersPanic Attacks and Panic Disorder
Panic AttackA short episode
characterized by physical sensations of
lightheadedness, dizziness,
hyperventilation, and numbness of extremities,
accompanied by an inexplicable terror,
usually of a physical disaster such as death.
Panic DisorderAn anxiety disorder in which
the apprehension or experience of recurring
panic attacks is so intense that normal
functioning is impaired.
Anxiety DisordersGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
DefinitionAn anxiety disorder
characterized as chronicdistress.
Common SymptomsFaster heart rate, sweating,increased blood pressure,muscle aches, intestinalpains, irritability, sleepproblems, and difficulty
concentrating.
Treatment• Psychotherapy• Behavioral therapy• Anti-anxiety drugs
Anxiety DisordersObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
DefinitionAn anxiety disorder
characterized byobsessions and/or
compulsions that impairone’s ability to function and
form relationships.
ObsessionA recurring idea, thought, or
image.
CompulsionRepetitive behavior performed
according to certain rules or in a stereotyped fashion.
Treatment• Cognitive therapy• Behavioral therapy
• Medications
Attention DisordersAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
DefinitionA spectrum of difficulties in
controlling motion and sustaining attention,
including hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractibility.
Potential ComplicationsAcademic difficulties, poor
concentration, difficulty making decisions,
relationship difficulties, sleep problems, increased risk of
depression, anxiety disorders, and substance
abuse.
Treatments• Medications
• Stimulants:• Ritalin
• Nonstimulants:• Strattera
• Psychotherapy
Schizophrenia
SymptomsHallucinations; delusions; inability to think in a logical manner;
talking in rambling or incoherent ways; making odd or purposeless movements; mimicking gesture or words; showing few, if any, emotions; lacking will or motivation; and functioning
at a much lower level.
CausesFailure in brain development early in life and genetics.
Not due to upbringing, social conditions, or traumatic experience.
TreatmentAntipsychotic medications
Table 2-3, p. 56
What Leads to Suicide?
Mental DisordersAntidepressant Medications
Substance AbuseHopelessnessFamily History
Physical IllnessBrain ChemistryAccess to Guns
Life Crises
Suicide Prevention
• Encourage your friend to talk.
• Don’t offer trite reassurances.
• Suggest solutions or alternatives to problems.
• Don’t be afraid to ask whether your friend has considered suicide.
• Don’t think that people who talk about killing themselves never carry out their threat.
Types of Therapy
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Psychiatric Drugs
Alternative Mind-Mood Products
Surviving and Thriving
• Recognize and express your feelings.
• Don’t brood.• Take one step at a
time.• Spend more time doing
those activities you know you do best.
• Separate what you do, especially any mistakes you make, from who you are.
• Use affirmations.• List the things you
would like to have or experience.
• Don’t dwell on the negative.
• Set a limit on self-pity.• Volunteer.• Exercise.