PowerPoint Presentation
Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution (Part 1)
The Industrial Revolution
Why Great Britain first? (1780s) (SG1)Improvements to agriculture
lead to needing less labor and more food.Enclosure movement lead to
the fencing off of common lands, forcing many peasants to move to
towns, creating a labor surplus. (SG2)Britain had a ready supply of
money, or capital to invest. Britain had plentiful natural
resources for production. Rivers provided a power source for
factories and transportation of goods.British Empire provided many
markets for their goods to be sold.
Changes in Cotton Production
Before IR, textiles were produced by the Cottage Industry.
(SG3)Spinners spun raw cotton into thread.Weavers wove thread into
cloth.Four Inventions that improved the process: (SG4)Flying
shuttle (weaving)Spinning Jenny (spinning)Water-powered Loom
(weaving)Steam Engine improved by James Watt allowing for machine
production (spinning and weaving).British Raw Cotton Imports:1760:
2.5 Million pounds.1787: 22 Million pounds.1840: 366 Million
pounds.
The Coal and Iron Industries
With improvements to the steam engine the demand for coal rapidly
increased, driving improvements in efficiency and
output.Improvements to the coal industry carried over to the iron
industry.In the 1870s, Henry Cort developed the process of
puddling. (SG5)British Iron Production:1740: 17,000 tons1780:
70,000 tons1852: 3,000,000 tons
Puddling Process: (SG5)Coke (fuel source derived from coal) is used
to heat iron to very high temperatures.During process the iron is
stirred and air is added to burn away impurities.Finished iron is
stronger and of far high quality.
The New Factories (SG6)
From the start factories created a new labor system.Factory owners
wanted to run their machines constantly.Workers worked in shifts
with long hours to keep machines producing.Factory workers migrated
from rural areas to towns/cities.Workers faced harsh and unsafe
conditions, stiff punishments (especially for children) and had no
job security whatsoever.
Railroads
1804, first steam locomotive is built (Richard Trevithick).1814,
steam locomotive is improved so that it runs on top of tracks,
making it far more efficient (George Stephenson).Investors linked
manufacturing centers (e.g. Manchester) to ports (e.g. Liverpool)
by rail. (SG7)These transportation networks greatly increased speed
and efficiency, factory production increased, as result profits
soared. (SG7)Railroads in Britain:1840: Almost 2,000 miles of
railroads1850: Over 6,000 miles of railroads1900: 22,000 miles of
railroads
Factory Acts - Activity
Starting in 1833, the British government began passing acts to
limit the hours worked in factories by women and children.Each
student needs a packet (Factory Act of 1833).Students will work
with shoulder partners or on their own (no threes or more).Each
student will turn in a completed packet at the end of
class.