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Chapter 18Classification
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What is Classification?Classification is the grouping of
objects based on similarities◦Classifying Biology and Chemistry as
Science is a type of classification◦We classify organisms to help name
them and to create orderTaxonomy is the branch of biology that
groups and names organisms
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How did taxonomy begin?What do you call this animal?
◦Mountain lion, cougar, puma, panther
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What is Classification?Binomial nomenclature gives each
species a two-part scientific name◦The first word is the genus, the
second is the species◦Grizzly bear: Ursus arctos◦Polar bear: Ursus maritimus◦Giant panda: Alluropoda
melanoleuca◦Most are Latin◦Developed by Carolus Linnaeus in
late 1700s
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What is Classification?Linnaeus’s classification included a
hierarchal system with 7 levelsTaxon: grouping (categories) of organisms,
plural is taxa◦Kingdom: taxon of similar phyla◦Phylum: taxon of similar classes◦Class: taxon of similar orders◦Order: taxon of similar families◦Family: taxon of similar genera; example
cat family is Felidae◦Genus: taxon of similar species◦Species: specifies organism; Homo
sapiens
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Taxonomy
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Taxonomy
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ClassificationHow do we determine how to group
organisms together?◦What similarities/differences are
most important?◦How do you classify a dolphin? Is it
more similar to a fish or a cat?Darwin’s ideas of evolution led to the
study of phylogeny (evolutionary relationships among organisms)
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ClassificantionGrouping organisms based on their
evolutionary history is called evolutionary classification◦Species with the same genus are
more closely related than another genus
◦Same genus all share a common ancestor
◦The farther you go up in taxa, the further back the common ancestor was
Cladograms show relationships of evolutionary classification
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Cladogramshttps://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouZ9zEkxGWg
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Cladograms
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Dichotomous KeyA dichotomous key is multiple sets of
paired statements used to identify organisms
http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Education/ConservationCentral/walk/walk4.html
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3 DomainsBacteria, Archaea, and EukaryaBacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes.
◦Domain Bacteria has Kingdom Eubacteria. “normal” bacteria
◦Domain Archaea has Kingdom Archebacteria. “weird” bacteria
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EukaryaKingdom Protista
◦Most are unicellular◦Live in moist environments◦Diverse in ways they obtain
nutrition. Ex. amoeba http://www.cellsalive.com/parasit.htm
Kingdom Fungi◦Heterotrophic decomposers◦Cell walls of chitin, ex. mushroom;
pictures
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EukaryaKingdom Plantae
◦Autotrophic, multicellular, have tissues◦Cell walls of cellulose◦Vascular plants – have vessels that
transport water and sugars (ferns, conifers, flowering plants) Xylem – tissue that moves water Phloem – tissue that moves sugars
◦Nonvascular plants do not have these vessels., ex. mosses
Kingdom Animalia – multicellular heterotrophs. Do NOT have cell walls
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Classification of Living Things
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum…Did DomainKing KingdomPhilip PhylumCross ClassOver OrderFor FamilyGood GenusSoup Species