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Chapter 16 –
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS &
GASES
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Section 1 –
KINETIC THEORY
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States of Matter
GAS
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The Kinetic Theory
Explains how particles behave– All matter is made of small particles
– These particles are in constant, random motion
– Particles collide with each other & with the walls of containers
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•Total energy of a material’s particles
•Causes particles to vibrate in place
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•How fast the particles are moving
•The the temp, the slower the motion
= temperature of a substance
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Solid State of MatterParticles closely packed together in specific geometric arrangement
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Heat of FUSION
Liquid State of MatterLiquids flow and take the shape of their container
Solids begin to liquefy at the melting point as particles gain energy to overcome arrangement
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Gaseous State of MatterGases spread evenly throughout their container (diffusion)
When a liquid has enough energy to escape the attractive forces of other particles
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Gaseous State of MatterHeat of Vaporization
–Energy changing a liquid to a gas
At the boiling point – –Pressure of the liquid’s vapor
= the presure of the atmosphere
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Heating Curve of a
Liquid Melting
Point & Freezing
Point
Boiling Point
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Plasma State of MatterHigh temperature gasBalanced positively and negatively charged particles –Most abundant state
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Thermal ExpansionIncrease in the size due to an
increase in temperature
If temp then size
Happens in most solids, liquids &
gasesWater is an exception – it expands
as it becomes a solid!
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Exceptions – these do not act as expected -
Amorphous Solids
Liquid Crystal
s
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AMORPHOUS SOLIDSLack tight ordered structure–No definite temperature for change from solid to liquid.
–Glass, ceramic & plastics
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LIQUID CRYSTALSDon’t completely lose ordered arrangement upon melting–Used in LCD’s–Watches, clocks, notebook computers & TV’s
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Properties of FluidsChapter 16 - 2
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Buoyant Force Buoyancy = the ability of a fluid to exert
an upward force on an object immersed in it.
Buoyant Force – the supporting force on an immersed objectIf force = weight, object will…
FLOAT
If force is less than weight, object will…
SINK
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Archimedes’ Principle
The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object
Which has a higher buoyant force, a baby in a bath tub or a 40 year old
person? The older one b/c he
displaces more water.
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Density…D = m /
v
Objects will float if their density is less that the density of the fluid it is
placed inWhy do ships float???
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Pascal’s Principle
Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout
the fluid.
What are some everyday examples of this?
Toothpaste tubes, balloon animals
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Bernoulli’s Principle
As velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure
exerted by the fluid decreases.
The faster air flows over the wings.
What do we know about the pressure above the wing? It’s lower!
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Viscosity = resistance to flow Different structures cause different
tendencies to flow Particles “pull” other particles with
them increasing the flow As temperature increases, viscosity
decreases allowing for easier flow Ex: Honey has a higher viscosity than
water, b/c it does not flow as easily.
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Sec. 16.3
Behavior of Gases
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Pressure :
•SI Unit = Pascals (Pa)
•Pressure = Force/Area
•Collisions of particles in air result in atmospheric pressure – Highs and Lows in weather
•Particles colliding with walls of a container create GAS pressure
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Why does this balloon stay inflated?
The particles in air striking the balloon’s walls forces them outward.
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1. Boyle’s Law – relates pressure and volume
•British scientist, Robert Boyle
•At a constant temp, volume of gas decreases as pressure increases. (inverse relationship)
•P1V1 = P2V2
•Why does a weather balloon expand as it rises in the atmosphere?
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2. Charle’s Law – relates volume and temp
•French scientist, Jacques Charles
•At a constant pressure, volume increases as temp increases. (direct relationship)
•V1T2 = V2T1
•Explain this using Kinetic Theory of Matter.
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3. Gay-Lussac’s Law – relates pressure and temp
•At a constant volume, as temp increases, pressure increases. (what kind of relationship is this?)
•T1P2 = T2P1
•Explain what will happen to a canister that says “keep away from heat” if placed in a heated area?