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Chapter 15The Three-Dimensional
Shape of Molecules
CHEM 2124 – General Chemistry II
Alfred State College
Professor Bensley
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Learning Objectives Recognize whether a molecule is chiral or
achiral. Identify chirality centers. Draw two enantiomers in three dimensions
around the chirality center. Explain why some chiral drugs have very
different properties from their mirror images. Draw Fischer projection formulas. Recognize the difference between
enantiomers and diastereomers. Explain the relationship between the shape
and odor of a molecule.
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3-D Molecules
A. Isomers
B. Constitutional Isomers
C. Stereoisomers
1. Cis and trans molecules
I. Review
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3-D MoleculesII. Chirality
Achiral example
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Which of the following objects are chiral?
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3-D Molecules
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•A carbon atom with four different groups like CHBrClF is called a chirality center.
3-D MoleculesIII. Enantiomers and Chirality Centers
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Drawing a Pair of Enantiomers
HOW TO Draw Two Enantiomers of a Chiral Compound
Example Draw two enantiomers of 2-butanol in 3Daround the chirality center.
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•Is C1 a chirality center?
3-D Molecules•Is C3 a chirality center:
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Focus on Health & MedicineThe Unforgettable Legacy of Thalidomide
•The anti-nausea drug thalidomide, which was given to pregnant women in the early 1960’s had a chirality center.
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•A racemic mixture is an equal mixture of two enantiomers.
3-D MoleculesIV. Racemic Mixtures
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3-D MoleculesV. Fischer Projections
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3-D MoleculesVI. Multiple Chirality Centers (Stereocenters)
VII. Optical Activity / Specific Rotation
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3-D Molecules