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REFRACTIONChapter 14
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REFRACTION REFRACTION OF LIGHT The bending of light as it travels
from one medium to another is call refraction.
As a light ray travels from one medium into another medium where its speed is different, the light ray will change its direction unless it travels along the normal.
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REFRACTION The brain judges the object
location to be the location from which the image light rays originate.
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REFRACTION REFRACTION OF LIGHT
The brain judges the object location to be the location from which the image light rays originate.
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REFRACTION
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REFRACTION - MIRAGES
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REFRACTION DISPERSION
THE SEPARATION OF LIGHT INTO COLORS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY
SHORTER WAVELENGTHS ARE REFRACTED MORE
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REFRACTION
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REFRACTION& REFLECTION
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ResourcesChapter menu
Chapter 14
Wave Model of Refraction
Section 1 Refraction
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ResourcesChapter menu
Section 1 RefractionChapter 14
The Law of Refraction• The index of refraction for a substance is the ratio
of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in that substance.
speed of light in a vacuumindex of refractionspeed of light in medium
cnv
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Chapter 14
Indices of Refraction for Various Substances
Section 1 Refraction
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ResourcesChapter menu
Section 1 RefractionChapter 14
The Law of Refraction, continued
• When light passes from a medium with a smaller index of refraction to one with a larger index of refraction (like from air to glass), the ray bends toward the normal.
• When light passes from a medium with a larger index of refraction to one with a smaller index of refraction (like from glass to air), the ray bends away from the normal.
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ResourcesChapter menu
Chapter 14
Refraction
Section 1 Refraction
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ResourcesChapter menu
Section 1 RefractionChapter 14
The Law of Refraction• Objects appear to be in
different positions due to refraction.
• Snell’s Law determines the angle of refraction.
index of refraction of first medium sine of the angle of incidence =
index of refraction of second medium sine of the angle of refraction
sin sini i r rn n
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REFRACTION STUDY GUIDE
14.1 (Holt)
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n =
cv v
=
cn
v = 3.00 x 108 m/s
1.33 = 2.25 x 108 m/s
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Snell’s Law: nisini = nrsinr
1.00 x sin20o = 1.52 x sina
sin a = = 0.2250
sin20o
1.52
sin-1 a = a = 13.0o
a.
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Snell’s Law: nisini = nrsinr
a = b = 13.0o
a = 13.0o
1.00 x sin20o = 1.52 x sina
1.52 x sin13o = 1.00 x sin
= 20.0o
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Snell’s Law: nisini = nrsinr1.00 x sin20 = 1.33 x sina
1.00 x sin 40o = 1.52 x sin <r <r = 25o
<‘i = 25o
<‘r = 40o
1.00 x sin 60o = 1.52 x sin <r <r = 35o
<‘i = 35o
<‘r = 60o
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Snell’s Law: nisini = nrsinr1.00 x sin20 = 1.33 x sina
1.00 x sin 80o = 1.52 x sin <r
<r = 40o
<‘i = 40o
<‘r = 80o
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14.2 THIN LENSES TYPES OF LENSES
A lens is a transparent object that refracts light rays such that they converge or diverge to create an image.
A lens that is thicker in the middle than it is at the rim is an example of a converging lens.
A lens that is thinner in the middle than at the rim is an example of a diverging lens.
The focal point is the location where the image of an object at an infinite distance from a converging lens if focused.
Lenses have a focal point on each side of the lens.
The distance from the focal point to the center of the lens is called the focal length, f.
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14.2 THIN LENSES TYPES OF LENSES
Converging Lenses
Diverging Lenses
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ResourcesChapter menu
Chapter 14Section 2 Thin Lenses
Lenses and Focal Length
CONVERGING LENS DIVERGING LENS
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Chapter 14
Converging and Diverging Lenses
Section 2 Thin Lenses
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ResourcesChapter menu
Chapter 14Focal Length for Converging and Diverging Lenses
Section 2 Thin Lenses
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ResourcesChapter menu
Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Types of Lenses • Ray diagrams of thin-lens
systems help identify image height and location.
• Rules for drawing reference rays
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Characteristics of Lenses• Converging lenses can produce real or virtual images
of real objects.
• The image produced by a converging lens is real and inverted when the object is outside the focal point.
• The image produced by a converging lens is virtual and upright when the object is inside the focal point.
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14.2 THIN LENSES TYPES OF LENSES
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Chapter 14
Ray Tracing for a Converging Lens
Section 2 Thin Lenses
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Characteristics of Lenses, continued
• Diverging lenses produce virtual images from real objects.
• The image created by a diverging lens is always a virtual, smaller image.
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Chapter 14
Ray Tracing for a Diverging Lens
Section 2 Thin Lenses
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
The Thin-Lens Equation and Magnification• The equation that relates object and image distances
for a lens is call the thin-lens equation.
• It is derived using the assumption that the lens is very thin.
1 1 1
distance from object to lens distance from image to lens focal length
1 1 1p q f
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
The Thin-Lens Equation and Magnification, continued
• Magnification of a lens depends on object and image distances.
image height distance from image to lensmagnification = –
object height distance from object to lens
' –h qMh p
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
The Thin-Lens Equation and Magnification, continued• If close attention is
given to the sign conventions defined in the table, then the magnification will describe the image’s size and orientation.
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Sample Problem
LensesAn object is placed 30.0 cm in front of a converging lens and then 12.5 cm in front of a diverging lens. Both lenses have a focal length of 10.0 cm. For both cases, find the image distance and the magnification. Describe the images.
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Sample Problem, continued
Lenses1. DefineGiven: fconverging = 10.0 cm fdiverging = –10.0 cm
pconverging = 30.0 cm pdiverging = 12.5 cm
Unknown: qconverging = ? qdiverging = ? Mconverging = ? Mdiverging = ?
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Sample Problem, continued
Lenses1. Define, continued
Diagrams:
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Sample Problem, continued
Lenses2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation: The thin-lens equation can be used to find the image distance, and the equation for magnification will serve to describe the size and orientation of the image.
1 1 1 – qMp q f p
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Sample Problem, continued
Lenses2. Plan, continued
Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown:1 1 1–q f p
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Sample Problem, continuedLenses3. Calculate
For the converging lens:1 1 1 1 1 2– –
10.0 cm 30.0 cm 30.0 cm
15.0 cm
15.0 cm– –30.0 cm
–0.500
q f p
q
qMp
M
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Sample Problem, continuedLenses3. Calculate, continued
For the diverging lens:1 1 1 1 1 22.5– –
–10.0 cm 12.5 cm 125 cm
–5.56 cm
–5.56 cm– –12.5 cm
0.445
q f p
q
qMp
M
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Section 2 Thin LensesChapter 14
Sample Problem, continuedLenses4. Evaluate
These values and signs for the converging lens indicate a real, inverted, smaller image. This is expected because the object distance is longer than twice the focal length of the converging lens. The values and signs for the diverging lens indicate a virtual, upright, smaller image formed inside the focal point. This is the only kind of image diverging lenses form.
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Section 2 Thin Lenses
FARSIGHTED AND NEARSIGHTED
(clearly sees objects near)
(clearly sees objects far away)
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REFRACTION TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Total internal reflection can occur when light moves along a path from a medium with a higher index of refraction to one with a lower index of refraction.
At the critical angle, refracted light makes an angle of 90º with the normal.
Above the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs and light is completely reflected within a substance.
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Snell’s law can be used to find the critical angle.
sin for
index of refraction of second mediumsine critical angleindex of refraction of first medium
rC i r
i
n n nn
• Total internal reflection occurs only if the index of refraction of the first medium is greater than the index of refraction of the second medium.
REFRACTION TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION