Download - Chapter 14 Emergency Operations
Chapter 14
Emergency Operations
Introduction
• Personnel can be divide into two general areas, operations and support
• Fundamental role of fire department is to respond to emergencies
• Incident type determines which personnel will respond
• Multiple agencies may show up at an incident to determine objectives, strategies, and tactics
• Law enforcement and other agencies assist and sometimes command incidents with fire department
FIREFIGHTER LIFE SAFETY INITIATIVES
• Cultural change
• Personal and organizational accountability
• Risk management
• Stop unsafe practices
• Training qualificationsCont.
Learning Objective 1
16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives
FIREFIGHTER LIFE SAFETY INITIATIVES
• Medical and physical fitness standards
• Data collection system
• Utilize available technology
• Investigate all firefighter fatalities
• Safe practicesCont.
Learning Objective 1
16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives
FIREFIGHTER LIFE SAFETY INITIATIVES
• Response policies and procedures
• Response to violent incidents
• Counseling and psychological support
• Public education
• Enforcement of codes
• Apparatus and equipment
Learning Objective 1
16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE 16 INITIATIVES
• Duty and responsibility
• Firefighter maintenance program
• Rehab guidelines
• Passengers when responding to incidents
• Drivers responding to incidents
• Interior firefighting
Learning Objective 1
16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives
RAPID INTERVENTION TEAMS
• Immediate rescue effort
• Standing by in full PPE
• Equipment and clothing same as entry team
• Firefighter Assist and Search Teams (FAST)
Learning Objective 1
16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives
TWO IN, TWO OUT
• OSHA regulation
• Applies to fires beyond ignition stage
• Only exception is threat of imminent danger
• Visual or voice contact at all times
Learning Objective 1
16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives
STRUCTURE FIREFIGHTING
• Basic responsibility of fire department
• Structure loss to a minimum
• Primary search
• Coordinated attack
Cont.
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
STRUCTURE FIREFIGHTING
• Ventilation issues
• SCBA
• Leather gloves and boots
• Other building contents
• Structural collapseCont.
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
STRUCTURE FIREFIGHTING
• Clandestine drug lab
• Flame and smoke indicators
• Second way out
• Do not freelance
• High-rise firefighting
• Electricity
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
SPRINKLERED OCCUPANCIES
• Causes of unsatisfactory performance
• Departments should establish SOPs
• Check all valves
• Turn off only portion in affected area for overhaul
• Conduct investigation
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
• Substations and vaults
• High potential for electrocution
• Fog patterns or short bursts
• General rule; use electric company staff for guides
• Without power, Class C fire reverts to A, B, D, or K
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
WILDLAND FIREFIGHTING
• Basic methods of extinguishment
• Backfire
• Wildland safety
• Ten Standing Fire Orders
• 18 Situations That Shout Watch OutCont.
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
WILDLAND FIREFIGHTING
• Common causes for tragedy and near-miss incidents
• LCES
• F LCES ∆
• Look up, look down, look around
• Main message is safety
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE/INTERMIX
• Foothills and mountainous areas
• Firefighters must be in the path of the advancing fire
• Protect as many structures as possible
• TRIAGE
• PROTECTION
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
OIL FIREFIGHTING
• Skill that needs to be developed
• Extinguish fire and control leaks
• Confine the fire and protect exposures
• Should be accompanied by refinery employees
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
THREE MAIN PROBLEMS
• Boil over
• Slop over
• Froth over
• Tanks with a cone roof
• Tanks with a floating roof
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
GASOLINE SPILLS
• Requires that vapors be controlled
• Should not enter area of spill
LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
• Tanks are built to withstand high pressures
• BLEVE
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENTS
• Becoming more common
• Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
• Regular PPE not designed for hazardous materials
• Isolate, identify, and deny entry
• Set up perimetersCont.
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENTS
• Identify the material involved
• After positive identification: Diking or berming Diverting Controlling
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
• Take human lives and cause panic and disruption
• Chemical
• Biological
• Radioactive
• Nuclear
• Explosive
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (EMS) OPERATIONS
• Exposure to bloodborne and airborne pathogens
• Category 1 employees are at greatest risk for exposure
• Personnel should have proper PPE
• Universal precautions
• Body substance isolation
Cont.
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
VEHICLE ACCIDENTS
• Class B foam for spilled fuel
• If spilled fuel, do not use power tools
VEHICLE FIRES
• Can have all the hazards of a structure fire
• Full PPE and SCBA should be worn
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
AIRCRAFT FIREFIGHTING
• Aircraft present many different hazards
• First priority, is to create a path
• Make entry to the aircraft
• Complete overhaul of the scene
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
EMS AND FIREFIGHTING WITH AIRCRAFT
• Most common encounter with rescue is the helicopter
• Rules for working around helicopters
• Setting up a landing zone
• Items pilot should be aware of
• Planes or helicopters may drop water or retardant
Learning Objectives 2, 3, and 4
Roles and Limitations of the Fire DepartmentSafety Considerations at Different Emergencies
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)
• Assumes human error is primary cause for injuries
• CRM based on five elements: Communication Situational awareness Decision making Teamwork Barriers
Learning Objective 5
Firefighter Safety and Decision Making
2 & 7 TOOL
• Two errors: Underestimating hazards Failing to notice changing conditions
• Seven barriers Inexperience
Cont.
Learning Objective 5
Firefighter Safety and Decision Making
2 & 7 TOOL
Getting too comfortable Distraction from primary duty Priorities out of order Social influences Stress reaction Physical impairment
Learning Objective 5
Firefighter Safety and Decision Making
Summary
• Numerous safety rules can be applied to a wide range of situations
• Training programs are available for different incident types
• Every situation has its own set of hazards, and it is your responsibility to provide for personal safety and the safety of others
• Train yourself to evaluate situations as they arise
• Decision-making skills are critical for safety
• Remain constantly vigilant