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Chapter 13
The Great War
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Section 1
The Stage is Set for War
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Causes of WWI
Rise of NationalismCaused a rivalry among Europe’s great powersCompetition for materials and marketsTerritorial disputes
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Causes of WWI
Imperialism Quest for colonies pushed nations on the brink of warCompeted for overseas empiresSense of rivalry and distrust deepened
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Causes of WWI
MilitarismIncrease of an European arms raceNeeded a powerful militaryLarge standing armiesMilitarism: glorifying military and keeping an army prepared for war
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Causes of WWIAlliancesBismark formed the Dual AllianceBetween Germany and Austria-HungaryItaly later joinedTriple AllianceBismark also made a treaty with Russia
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Causes of WWI
Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismark to resignDid not want to share powerLet Germany’s treaty with Russia lapseRussia responded by forming an alliance with France
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Causes of WWI
Wilhelm began a large ship building programWanted to equal the British fleetGreat Britain formed an entente with France
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Triple Alliance, 1914. Triple Entente, 1914.
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Crisis in the Balkans
Powder Keg of EuropeFreed themselves from the Ottoman EmpireFormed the nations of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia
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Crisis in the Balkans
Nationalism was powerful in this areaEach group wanted to extend its bordersSerbia hoped to absorb all of the Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula
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Crisis in the Balkans
Austria annexed Bosnia and HerzegovinaBoth areas with large Slavic populationSerbian leaders were outraged
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A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were visiting Sarajevo (the capital of Bosnia)Shot by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black HandSecret society committed to riding Bosnia of Austrian rule
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Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
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Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
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Gavrilo Princip
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A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Austria used the murders as an excuse to punish SerbiaPresented them with an ultimatumRefusing the ultimatum would lead to war
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A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Serbian leaders agreed to most of the demandsOffered to have other settled by an international conferenceAustria did not want to negotiateJuly 28, 1914 – Austria declares war on Serbia
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A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Russia was an ally of SerbiaRussian leaders moved troops toward the Austrian borderOther nations urged Austria and Russia to negotiateIt was too late
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Section 2
War Consumes Europe
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The Great War Begins
Russia sent troops to the Austrian borderRussia expected Germany to join the war because Germany was allied with AustriaRussia also sent troops toward the German border
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The Great War BeginsRussia’s mobilization toward Germany was considered a declaration of warAugust 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on RussiaTwo days later, Germany declared war on FranceGreat Britain then declared war on Germany
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Nations Take Sides
Central Powers: Germany, Austria Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman EmpireAllies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Italy
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World War I Europe
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Stalemate
War turned into a long and bloody deadlockWestern Front: region in northern France where the fighting was occurring
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The Western Front
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Schlieffen Plan
German battle strategyCalled for attacking France in the west and then fighting Russia in the eastNeeded a quick victory in France
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Schlieffen Plan
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Schlieffen Plan
Battle of Marne was won by the AlliesSingle most important event of the warRuined the Schlieffen PlanGermany would have to fight on two fronts
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War in the Trenches
Trench warfare: miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fireFought each other from the trenches
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War in the Trenches
Life in the trenches was miserySwarmed with ratsFresh food was nonexistentSleep was nearly impossibleWestern Front stretched 500 miles
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Life in the Trenches
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Life in the Trenches
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Life in the Trenches
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Life in the Trenches
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New Weapons of War
Machine gunPoison gasArmored TankLarge artilleryKilled greater numbers of people more effectively
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World War I Machine Gun
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British Victims of Poison Gas
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Early Gas Mask
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Armored Tank
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Battle on the Eastern Front
Stretch of battlefield along the German and French borderRussians and Serbs fought Germans and Austro-Hungarians
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The Eastern Front
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Russia Struggles
By 1916, Russia’s effort was near collapseRussia had yet fully industrializedArmy was short of food, clothes, boots and blanketsAllied supply shipments were limited
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Russia Struggles
Russia’s only asset was it numbersSuffered enormous numbers of battles lossesCould use enormous population to regroup
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Section 3
War Affects the World
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The Gallipoli Campaign
The Allies wanted to secure a region of the Ottoman EmpireThe DardanelleBy securing this area, the Allies could take Constantinople, defeat the Turks, and establish a supply line to Russia
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The Gallipoli Campaign
Campaign began in February 1915Turned into another stalemateAllies gave up the campaign and began to evacuateSuffered 250,000 casualties
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Battles in Asia and Africa
Germany’s colonial possessions came under assaultJapanese troops invaded ChinaEnglish and French invaded Africa British and French recruited subjects in their colonies to fight
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America Joins the Fight
Germans announced a policy called unrestricted submarine warfareWould sink without warning any ship around Great Britain
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America Joins the Fight
Sunk the British passenger ship, The LusitaniaKilled 128 American citizensPresident Wilson sent a protest to GermanyGermany had agreed to not attack neutral and passenger ships (Sussex Pledge)
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America Joins the Fight
Returned to unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917Knew it might lead to war with the U.S.Germany sank three American ships
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America Joins the Fight
Intercepted telegram from Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign secretaryGermany would help Mexico gain the land it has lost to the U.S. if Mexico would ally with Germany
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America Joins the Fight
The Zimmerman note was the last strawPresident Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on GermanyU.S. joined the Allies
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War Affects the Home Front
WWI was a total warCountries devoted all their resources to the war effortGovernment took control of the economyTold factories what to produce
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War Affects the Home Front
All able bodies people were put to workGoods were in short supplyRationing: people could buy only a small amount of those items needed for the war effort
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War Affects the Home Front
Suppressed anti war activityUsed propaganda: one sided information designed to persuade or keep up moral and support for the war (Propaganda SlideShow)
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Women and the War
Thousands of women replaced men in the factories, offices and shopsBuilt tanks and ammunitionPlowed fields, paved streetsKept the troops well supplied
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Russia Withdraws
March 1917, Czar Nicholas is forced to resignReplaced by a provisional governmentPledged to continue fighting in the war
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Russia Withdraws
November 1917 – Lenin seizes power in RussiaInsists on ending Russia’s involvement in the warSigns the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ends the war between Russia and Germany
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The Central Powers Collapse
Germany could now concentrate on the Western FrontMounted a massive attack and victory seemed within reachThe Allies launch a counterattack The Allies began heading toward Germany
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The Central Powers Collapse
Bulgarians and the Turks surrenderedRevolution occurred in Austria HungaryThe German soldiers mutinied, and the public turned on the Kaiser
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The Central Powers Collapse
November 9, 1918 – Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped downGermany declared itself a republicSigned an armistice: an agreement to stop fightingNovember 11, WWI ends
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Legacy of the war
New kind of warWar on a global scale8.5 million soldiers died21 million were woundedCountless civilians dead
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Legacy of the war
Devastating economic impactTrained the treasuries of countriesWar cost $338 billionDestroyed land, villages and towns
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Section 4
A Flawed Peace
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Allies Meet and Debate
January 1919, a conference to establish the terms of peace began at VersaillesThe major decisions were made by the Big Four – U.S., Great Britain, France and ItalyGermany and Russia were not invited
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Wilson’s Peace Plan
President Wilson drew up a series of peace proposalsFourteen Points Outlined a plan for just and lasting peace
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Points 1-5
End of secret treatiesFreedom of the seasFree tradeReduced armies and naviesAdjustment of colonial claims
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Points 6-13
Specific suggestions for changing borders and creating new nationsSelf determination: allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live
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14th Point
Proposed a general association of nationsWould protect great and small states alikeCould peacefully negotiate solutions to world conflicts
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The Versailles Treaty
Between Germany and the Allied nationsSigned June 28, 1919Created a League of NationsInternational association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations
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The Versailles Treaty
Treaty also punished GermanyLost substantial territoryRestrictions placed on militaryArticle 231: War guilt clauseGermany is solely responsiblePay reparations to the Allies
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Other Treaties
Western powers signed separate treaties with Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire and BulgariaLed to huge land lossesSeveral new countries were formed
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Russia after the war
Suffered land lossesRomania and Poland gained Russian territoryMany new independent nations formed
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A Peace Built on Quicksand
Treaty did little to build lasting peaceU.S. rejected the treatyMany Americans objected to the League of NationsWanted to stay out of European affairs
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A Peace Built on Quicksand
Left a legacy of bitterness in the German peopleOther countries felt cheated with the peace settlementColonized people were angry with the disregard of the independence
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A Peace Built on Quicksand
Some Allies were bitter as wellItaly and Japan both gained less land than they had wantedThe League of Nations was in no position to take action on any of these complaints