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Chapter 1.3
The Energy Cycle
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The Energy Cycle• The movement of energy into and out of
the Earth system.
• Different than the previous cycles we have learned about.
• More like a scale.– When you measure on a scale you want the
two sides to balance.– What is on one side should equal what is on
the other side.
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The Energy Cycle Continued…
• The amount of energy entering a system should equal the amount of energy leaving a system.– If a system were to take in more energy than it
released, the system would increase in temperature.– If it released more energy than it took in,
temperatures would decrease.
• Because of this balance-scale nature, scientists refer to the energy cycle as the energy budget
• There are 3 main sources of energy in the energy budget: solar energy, geothermal energy, and tidal energy.
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Solar Energy
• Most of the energy that enters the Earth system(99.985%) system comes from the Sun.
• Solar energy drives the winds, ocean currents, and waves.
• It is also the source of the energy that causes rocks to weather and soil to form.
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Geothermal Energy
• Heat from within the Earth (0.013%)
• Geothermal energy is responsible for driving the tectonic plates, powering volcanoes, geysers and earthquakes, and also contributes to rock formation.
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Tidal Energy
• Smallest part of the energy budget (0.002%)
• Resuts from the sun and moon’s pull on the Earth’s oceans.
• Powerful enough to slow Earth’s rotation because of the “tidal bulge”.
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Maintaining the Balance
• Incoming energy must go somewhere.• About 40% of it is reflected back into
space.• Albedo
– The percentage of energy that is reflected without being changed.
– A forest has a low albedo (5-10% reflected).– A snow field has a high albedo (80-90%
reflected).
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The Laws of Thermodynamics
• Energy follows predictable rules that explain what it will do.
• Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with how heat energy is converted into other forms of energy.
• The laws of thermodynamics deals with how energy will flow.
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First Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy can never be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
• Example)– Solar energy is stored in plants which die and
eventually become fossil fuels.– Fossil fuels are burned at electrical power
plants and generate electricity, which can then power a light bulb.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
• When energy changes, it is converted from a more useful, more concentrated form to a less useful, less concentrated form.
• Unlike water which can convert from liquid to solid back to liquid without harm, energy cannot be recycled completely.
• Some energy will always be lost, usually in the form of heat.