Download - Chapter 13 The Chemistry of Solids
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Chapter 13 The Chemistry of SolidsTypes of Solids
• Metals• Network• Ionic • Molecular• Amorphous
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Chapter 13 The Chemistry of SolidsTypes of Solids Examples
• Metals Copper• Network Quartz• Ionic NaCl • Molecular CO2, CI4• Amorphous glass, polyethylene
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Types of Solids Characteristics
• Metals Copper - malleable
• Network Quartz – non-malleable
• Molecular sulfur (S8)• CO2, CI4 – low melting pt
• Ionic & muscovite– cleaves easy Network, Layered structure
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The Chemistry of SolidsWhat characteristic do these solids share?
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The Chemistry of SolidsWhat characteristic do these solids share?
Repeating Structural Patternother terms:LatticeArrayCrystal Structure orCrystal Lattice
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The Chemistry of SolidsUNIT CELL is the smallest piece of the pattern that generates the lattice.
UNIT CELL is a conventional choice.May have several unit cells possible,Different in shape and/or size.
Translation directions
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The Chemistry of SolidsUNIT CELL is a conventional choice.May have several unit cells possible,Different in shape and/or size.
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Three Types of Cubic Unit Cells
a
cb
Simple Cubic Body Centered Cubic
Face CenteredCubic
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These Three Cubic Unit Cells are Structuresof most Metallic Elements(also hexagonal, hcp, to be seen Friday)
Cu, Ag, Au are all fccCr, Mo, W are all bccOnly Po is simple cubic (rare— why?)
Simple Cubic Body Centered Cubic
Face CenteredCubic
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One result of a metal’s “choice” to adopt a cubic, bcc or fcc lattice are metal properties
Simple Cubic Body Centered Cubic Face Centered Cubic
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Packing a Square Lattice:
Makes a simple cubic cell
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Can you pack spheres more densely?
The Rhomb is the Unit Cell Shapeof Hexagonal Lattices
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Closest Packing: hexagonal layers build up 3D solid
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Find the triangular gaps in the Pink layer
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Note how layers “sit” on top of each other:
The Cyan layercovers the “up”triangles of thePink layer
The Yellow layercovers the “down”triangles of thePink layer
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This packing sequence is A B C A B C,Where B and C cover different “holes” in A
BC
A
BC
A
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BC
A
BC
APa
ckin
g di
rect
ion A
C B A C B A
ccp CubicClosestPacking:A B C A B C …
Packing direction
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CCP viewed unit cell;
LOOK! It’s face centered cubic!!! CCP = FCC!!
….mmmMMM
CCP viewed as packing layers
AB
C
CBA
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Effect of addedatoms andgrainson metal structure.
Smaller atom like C in iron
Larger atom like P in iron
Second crystal phasesprecipitated
Defects and grain boundaries “pin” structure. All these inhibit sliding planes and harden the metal.
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Defectsin metal structure
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From Metals to Ionic Solids
Will ionic solids pack exactly like metallic solids?
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From Metals to Ionic Solids
Build up Ionic Solids conceptually like this:• assume Anions are larger than Cations, r- > r+• pack the Anions into a cubic lattice: ccp, simple or bcc• add Cations to the interstitial spaces (“Mind the gap!”)
2 x r-
2 x r-
r- + r+
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The Simplest Ionic Solid is CsCl, simple cubic
Start withsimple cubicUnit cell of Cl- ions
Then add one Cs+ in center
Z =C. N. (Cs) =
How to draw this
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How to make NaCl: start with fcc unit cell of Cl- ions
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Add Na+ in between
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Add Na+ in between, everywhere
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Z =C. N. (Na) =