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Chapter 12: Sustaining biodiversity (species/extinction)
Land and Water Use Unit
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Types of Extinction• Local extinction: better known as
extirpation. A species is no longer found in an area it used to inhabit, but can be found elsewhere.
• Ecological extinction: too few members of that species exist in an area to continue to play their role in the ecology of an area (predator, prey, etc.)
• Biological extinction: true extinction. No members of that species exist on Earth. Example: dinosaurs, passenger pigeon
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Remember these?• Background extinction: “Normal” extinction
that occurs at a low rate: 1-5 species per million. May be due to evolution…
• Mass extinction: Extremely high rates of extinction. There have been 5 mass extinctions and we may be in a possible 6th mass extinction.
• Reread 6th extinction from Ch. 1 internet activity for homework.
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Who’re you calling threatened?
• Endangered species: Numbers are so low that the species could soon become extinct. Protected by law. (Endangered Species Act of 1973)
• Threatened species: Numbers are low enough that species could soon become threatened. Protected by law.
• Special concern: Animals that are suspected to be experiencing problems, but no documentation has been made. Not protected by law.
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Characteristic Examples
Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)
Specialized niche
Narrow distribution
Feeds at high trophic level
Fixed migratory patterns
Rare
Commercially valuable
Large territories
Blue whale, giant panda,rhinoceros
Blue whale, giant panda,Everglades kite
Many island species,elephant seal, desert pupfish
Bengal tiger, bald eagle,grizzly bear
Blue whale, whooping crane,sea turtles
Many island species,African violet, some orchids
Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds
California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther
What puts them
at risk?
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Fish
Percentage of
threatened/ endangered
Mammals
Reptiles
Plants
Birds
34% (51% of freshwater species)
24%
20%
14%
12%
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Indian Tiger
Range 100 years ago
Range today(about 2,300 left)
Indian Tiger
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Black Rhino
Range in 1700
Range today(about 2,400 left)
Black Rhino
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African Elephant
Probable range 1600
Range today(300,000 left)
African Elephant
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Figure 12-7dPage 232
Asian or Indian Elephant
Former range
Range today(34,000–54,000 left)
Asian Elephant
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Maintenance through Conservation
Maintaining and protecting wildlife consists of 3 major approaches:
1.Species approach – protecting endangered species though legislation.
2.Ecosystem approach – persevering balanced ecosystems
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Maintenance through Conservation
3. Wildlife management approach – managing game species for sustained yield through interaction treaties to protect migration species, improving wild life habitats, regulating hunting and fishing, creating harvest quotas and developing population management plans.
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Why should we care???
• Instrumental value• Gene pool/genetic information (useful for
vaccines, resistance)• Wildlife tourism (existential value)• Recreational pleasure• Place in ecosystem (pollinator, keystone,
indicator, etc)• “It’s like burning books before you read
them.”
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Causes of endangerment• Habitat destruction (for resources,
farmland, residential, pollution)
• Introduction of alien/non-native/invasive species
• Overexploitation (over-harvested, over-hunted, poaching)
• Disease
• Pollution
• Interrupted migration
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Oops – I did it again• Introduced on purpose:
– Kudzu vine (prevent erosion - 1930)– House sparrow (eat cankerworms -1950)– Carp (“world’s finest fish” - 1877)– Nutria (fur)– Ring-neck pheasant (hunting -1881)
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Figure 12-10Page 236
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Kudzu spreading
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Figure 12-9aPage 235
Purple looselife European starling African honeybee(“Killer bee”)
Nutria Salt cedar(Tamarisk)
Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar(Feral pig)
Deliberately introduced Species
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Unintentional introduction
• On ships, boats
• On people
• On shipping crates
• On tire treads
• Examples:– Fire ants– Zebra mussel– Water millfoil
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Figure 12-9b Page 235
Sea lamprey(attached to lake trout)
Argentina fire ant Eurasian muffleBrown tree snake Common pigeon(Rock dove)
Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-hornedbeetle
Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae
Accidentally introduced Species
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1918
2000
Argentina Fire Ant Distribution
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Characteristics ofSuccessful
Invader Species
• High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species)
• Pioneer species
• Long lived
• High dispersal rate
• Release growth- inhibiting chemicals into soil
• Generalists
• High genetic variability
Characteristics ofEcosystems Vulnerable
to Invader Species
• Similar climate to habitat of invader
• Absence of predators on invading species
• Early successional systems
• Low diversity of native species
• Absence of fire
• Disturbed by human activities
Will we be invaded?
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It’s the law…• CITES: Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species: 1975, treaty signed by 160 countries, lists 900 species that cannot be traded either alive or as products.
• CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity. Signed by 186 countries legally binds governments of signing countries to attempt to reverse the loss of biological diversity. Each country forms a national conservation plan.
• Lacey Act of 1900: US act, can’t transport live or dead wild animals or parts of them across state borders without permits
• Endangered Species Act: 1973. Amended in 1982, 85, 88. Identifies animals as threatened or endangered and protects them by law.
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Zoos or Not?
• Read pages 245-247
• Utilize the internet for additional support for your essay.
• Essay – should be 3-4 paragraphs on whether or not zoos/aquariums/captivity programs should be utilized for endangered/threatened species (with no intention of releasing to the wild)