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Chapter 11
Management Function and Decision Making
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Nature of Management
• Definition: Management is the process of accomplishing the goals of an organization through the effective us of people and other resources.
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Four Functions of Management
• Planning
• Organizing
• Implementing
• Controlling
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Planning
– Analyzing information
–Making decisions
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Organizing
– Determining how plans can be accomplished most effectively.
– Arranging resources to complete work.
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Implementing
– Carrying out plans.
– Helping employees work effectively.
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Controlling
– Evaluating results.
– Determine the company’s objective have been accomplished as planned.
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Management and Non-Management Employees
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Manager
–Managers complete all four management functions on a regular basis.
–Managers have authority over other jobs and people.
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Types of Managers
• Supervisor
• Mid-Manager
• Executive
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Supervisor
• Typically first (or beginning) level of management in a company.
• Main job is to work directly with employees.
• Often have many non-managerial activities to perform.
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Mid-manager
• Completes all of the management functions, but usually spends most of the time on one management function.
• Usually responsible for a specific part of the company’s operations.
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Executive
• Top-level manager who spend almost all of her or his time on management functions.
• Usually have other managers reporting directly to them.
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Supervision
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The Supervisors Job
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Supervisors Job Traits
• Responsible for:– Planning
• Usually promoted from the area where they work.
• Usually selected from among the most experiences and most skilled workers.
• Responsible for the day-to-day activities of the company’s employees.
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Supervisors
• Need to understand and work with both employees and management.
• Implement the decisions of management.
• Must solve problems and present employee concerns to management.
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Factors outlining effectiveness of a supervisor’s job.
• The quality of work of the supervised employees.
• Effective use of company resources.
• The satisfaction of supervisor’s employees.
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Responsibilities of Supervisors
– Communicate the goals and directions of management to employees.
– Explain employee concerns and ideas to management.
– Evaluate and improve employee performance.
– Encourage employees to do their best work.
– Use resources efficiently.
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Day-to-day Management
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Planning
– Identify the task to be done.
– Use of work schedules
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Organizing
– Identify the timeframe for completion of each task. • Determine what work need to be done.
• Set priority for work.
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Implementing and Controlling
– Ensure work is completed properly and on time.
– Communicate with employees and managers.
– Oversee execution of work.
– Oversee quality control.
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Improving Supervisory Skills
• Rely on employees to do their job.
• Help employees grow in their job skills.
• Take advantage of training programs.
• Use of mentor programs.
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Using Management Information
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Business Research
– Conducted to aid in decision making.
–Most business research is done by the business itself.
– Some companies use research centers and faculty in universities.
–Most companies will use trade and professional organizations.
– Companies may also use research organizations or individual consultants.
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Decision Making
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Problems and Decision Making
• Generally a problem is a difficult situation requiring a solution.
• Problems usually do not have one single solution.
• A supervisor’s or manager’s job is to find the best possible solution for the problem.
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Steps in problem solving
• Identify the problem.– Manager must recognize that the problem exists.
» Managers must review plans and performance regularly.
» Managers must recognize evidence of a problem rather then ignore it.
» It is better to review symptoms and determine that there is no problem than to wait until problems are so bid they are difficult to correct.
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Manager must be careful to identify the problem, and NOT identify a symptom
as the problem.
• Determine possible solutions.– Managers must list all possible solutions.
» Managers should not overlook any reasonable solutions.
» Use techniques such as brainstorming, input from employees, other managers, outside experts, past solutions, etc…
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Analyze the solutions.
– Study each possible solution carefully.
– Reduce the number for possible solutions to the best two or three.
– Study each solution thoroughly and objectively.
– Study strengths as weaknesses.
– Compare solutions and classify in some way.
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Select the best solution.
– After the best possible solution is chosen a manger needs to implement the solution.
– Monitor the results of the decision and be prepared to make changes if the problem is not corrected.