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Chapter 10Endocrine System
• Endocrine glands are ductless• releases hormones• hormones released to target organs
• Exocrine glands have ducts
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Chemistry of Hormones
Steroid Hormones• derived from cholesterol• sex hormones• adrenal cortex hormones
Nonsteroid Hormones• amines• proteins• peptides• glycoproteins• most hormones
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Actions of Steroid Hormones
• hormone crosses membranes
• hormone combines with receptor in nucleus
• synthesis of mRNA activated
• mRNA enters cytoplasm to direct synthesis of protein
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Actions of Nonsteroid Hormones
• adenylate cyclase activated
• hormone binds to receptor on cell membrane
• ATP converted to cAMP
• cAMP promotes a series of reactions leading to cellular changes• second messenger
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Control of Hormonal Secretions• primarily controlled by negative feedback mechanism
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Negative Feedback
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Major Endocrine Glands
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Pituitary Gland
Two distinct portions• anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)• posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
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Pituitary Gland Control• Hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate cells of anterior pituitary to release hormones• Nerve impulses from hypothalamus stimulate nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland to release hormones
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Hypothalamic Hormones
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Growth Hormone (GH)• stimulates increase in size and rate of body cells• enhances movement of amino acids through membranes• promotes growth of long bones• secretion stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone• slows carbohydrate catabolism; increases blood glucose levels
Prolactin (PRL)• sustains milk production after birth• secretion inhibited by prolactin release-inhibiting hormone 10-11
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)• controls secretions of hormones from the thyroid gland• controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone• controls secretions of some hormones of adrenal cortex• controlled by corticotropin-releasing hormone
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)• stimulates development of egg-containing follicles in ovaries• stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen• stimulates production of sperm cells• controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)• promotes secretions of sex hormones• stimulates release of egg from ovary (ovulation)• stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone• controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)• causes kidneys to reduce water excretion• in high concentration, raises blood pressure• controlled by hypothalamus in response to changes in blood water concentration and blood volume
Oxytocin (OT)• stimulates uterine contractions• stimulates mammary glands to release milk• controlled by hypothalamus in response to stretch in uterine and vaginal walls and stimulation of breasts
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Thyroid Gland
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Thyroid Gland Hormones
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)• increases rate of energy release from carbohydrates• accelerates growth• stimulates activity in the nervous system• controlled by TSH
Calcitonin• lowers blood calcium concentrations by inhibiting release of calcium from bones• increases rate at which calcium isdeposited in bones
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Thyroid Gland Disorders
General Hyperthyroidism• high metabolic rate• hyperactivity• weight loss• protruding eyes
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Simple Goiter• deficiency of iodine• leads to deficiency of thyroid hormones• gland enlarges
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Parathyroid Glands
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Parathyroid Hormone
• PTH• increases blood calcium levels• stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts• inhibits osteoblasts• stimulates kidneys to retain calcium • promotes calcium absorption into intestine
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Adrenal Glands
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Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Aldosterone• increases blood volume and pressure by promoting conservation of sodium ions and water
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Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Cortisol• decreases protein synthesis• increases fatty acid release• stimulates glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrates• controlled by CRH from hypothalamus and ACTH from anterior pituitary• maintain normal blood pressure• anti-inflammatory effect• released during long term stress
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Adrenal Medulla Hormones
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine• release controlled by sympathetic nervous system• increases heart rate and blood pressure• dilates respiratory airways• promotes breakdown of glycogen• increases metabolic rates
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Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Adrenal androgens• supplement sex hormones from the gonads• may be converted to estrogen• female sexual drive
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Pancreas
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Pancreatic HormonesGlucagon• secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets• stimulates liver to break down glycogen• stimulates liver to convert noncarbohydrates into glucose• controlled by blood glucose concentrations
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Insulin• secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets• promotes formation of glycogen from glucose• enhances movement of glucose into adipose and muscle cells• decreases blood glucose concentrations• controlled by blood glucose concentrations
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Other Endocrine Glands
Reproductive Glands• ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone• testes secrete testosterone• placenta secretes estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropins
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Other Endocrine Glands
Pineal Gland• secretes melatonin• regulates sleep/wake cycles• may control onset of puberty• helps regulate female reproductive cycle
Thymus Gland• secretes thymosins• promotes development of certain lymphocytes
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Clinical Application
Growth Hormone Ups and Downs
• Gigantism - hypersecretion of GH in children • Acromegaly – hypersecretion of GH in adults• Dwarfism – hyposecretion of GH in children
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Clinical Application
Diabetes Mellitus
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3 Cardinal signs• polyuria• polyphagia• polydipsia