Chapter 10Applications of Nanotechnology:
Biology & Nanotechnology
NANO 101Introduction to Nanotechnology
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Overview• Much biology is mediated in the 1-100 nm range• Structures and sizes• Inspiration for Self Assembly and Molecular Machine
concepts
Nanotech and Biology
BioNanotechnology: • use of biology (biological molecules) in nanotech • use of biology as a model for a nanotechnology
system• Ex. DNA computing
Nanobiotechnology: • use of nanostructures to enhance biology or
biotech• use of nanotechnology for creating or improving
biotech systems or processes• Ex. Lab-on-a-chip assays 3
Lab on a Chip• Combining all lab
functions in one device
• Soft lithographyPDMS casting
Source: Nature Video
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Lab on a Chip: Research
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Lab on a Chip: Diagnosis
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How Biology “Feels” on the Nanoscale
• Hydro environments v. carbon-based life
• What are these tiny species in a cell?• Sugars (carbohydrates)• Fatty acids (lipids)• Nucleotides (DNA)• Amino Acids (proteins)
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CarbohydratesRoles:
1. Mechanical support (large carbohydrates, ex. cellulose)
2. Metabolized and used for energy
• Sugars are basic building blocks• general formula: (CH2O)n
• examples• glucose (n= 6)
• fructose (n= 6)
• ribose (n= 5)
• loop on themselves to form rings• rings attach to make chains of many types
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Basic Carbohydrate Examples
OH
O
H OH
OH H
H OH
H OH
OH
OH H
H OH
H OH
O
OH
OH
O
H OH
H OH
H OH
glucose fructose ribose
O
OHH
HH
OHOH
H OH
H
OH
O H
OHH
OH
H
OH
H
OH
O OH
H
OH
OH
HH
OH
OH
chain formation: sugarssimplest: sucrose
monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides…
Complex Carbohydrate Examples
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http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/547cellulose.html
http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/C-index.cfm?definition=chitin
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LipidsRoles:
1. Energy (concentrated energy reserve)
2. Structural (ex. membranes)
• Fatty acids are basic building blocks• long carbon chains with COOH head group• amphiphilic interesting self-assembled
structures• saturated; monounsaturated;
polyunsaturated…
Oleic acid
Source: Univ. of Calgary
Phospholipids• Pair of fatty acids, connected by glycerol and
phosphate group• Usually also bonded to a small hydrophilic molecule• Capable of self-assembly and self-repair!
12Source: PB Works
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DNARoles:
1. Stores, replicates information
2. Along with RNA and proteins, translates info into product
• Nucleotides are basic building blocks• Deoxidized ribose rings chained together with
phosphate bridges• Pendant on the ribose rings are the four “bases”
• Specific hydrogen bonding based pairing
N
N
NH
N
NH2
N
NH
NH2
O N
NH
NH
N
NH2
O
NH
NH
O
O
CH3
adenine cytosine guanine thymine
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Self- assemble
d DNA structure
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Base pair hydrogen bonding
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DNA - chromosome structure
DNA Transcription
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RNA Transcription
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ProteinsRoles:
Perform many many many roles
Examples include: hormones; transportation of other molecules; enzymes; detecting signals; structural support
• Amino Acids are basic building blocksCarbon connected to:
• NH3 (amino group)
• COOH (carboxyl group)
• Side chain
• Hydrogen
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The 20 amino acids
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Protein Structure
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Globular Protein Structure
Applications of BioNanotech:Molecular Motors
ATP Synthase:• as protons flow through membrane, spins• in cells, this mechanical energy is used for the ADP
ATP rxn
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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html
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ATP Rotor and Attached Sphere
Constructing Biological Motor Powered Nanomechanical Devicesby
Carlo Montemagno*, George Bachand, Scott Stelick, Marlene Bachand
http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/Papers/Montemagno/
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DNA (Genomic) microarraysSynthesis of Gene ChipsBiomolecular Engineering Volume 22, Issues 5–6, December 2005, Pages 173–184
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/genomics/chip/chip.html
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Gene Chips
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/genomics/chip/chip.html
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Application of BioNanotech:Scaffolded DNA Origami
Use short single strands of DNA (“staples”) to direct folding of long strands of DNA to make nanostructures
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Application of BioNanotech: Fluorescence tagging
• Fluorescence tag attached to cDNA– Organic dyes
• Cy3 and Cy5
– Quantum Dots
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Application of NanoBiotech: Metal Nanoparticle/Film Binding
Assays• Surface plasmon resonance
– Colorimetric shifts indicate binding
• Can be accomplished using 10-100 nm Au or Ag particles or films
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Protein BindingBasic phenomenon in much of biology
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Protein Microarray Screening
Surface Plasmon Resonance
The optical properties (reflectivity or spectral absorption) of a metal thin film or particle is determined by the size, shape, and number of any molecules attached to it.
Input Light Output Light
glass
gold
specular angle specular angle
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Protein Microarray Screening
At some particular angle or wavelength, most of the input light energy will be converted to a plasmon
Input Light output light
Specular Angle specular angle
specular angle or wavelength
reflect
ivit
y
reflectivity = output/input
Reflectivity minimum is dependent on type of molecule bonded
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Protein Microarray Screening
Monitor SPR curves over time to track binding events
Raman Spectroscopy
• Gives information about vibrational (low energy) states 35
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
• Noble metal nanoparticles act as antennas
36Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15, 5312-5328
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Nanoparticle Photothermal Therapy
Surface Plasmon Resonance effect using a metal nanoshell in the IR “water window”
http://nano.cancer.gov/resource_center/nanotech_nanoshells.asp
Magnetism
• Magnetic field induces changes in alignment of electron spins in a substance
• Paramagnetism: unpaired spin magnetic moment is alligned with applied field
• Ferromagnetism: unpaired spins align in absence of magnetic field
• Diamagnatism: a magnetic moment opposing the applied field from paired electrons
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Magnetic Memory
• Non-volatile (is not lost when power is removed)– Co – alloy material
• Magnetic domains are 1 and 0
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http://www.spmtips.com/library-SPM-in-data-storage.lib
Next Gen: Spin Torque Transfer
• Spintronics: Integrated magnetic and electronic properties
• New materials, fab in conjunction with silicon elements
• Commercialized-> Everspin
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Bottom Up : 12 atom bit
• Antiferromagnetic bits• Needs 5K temps to operate 42
Magnetic Imaging
• MRI contrast agents• Magnetic Particle Imaging
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Goodwill, P. W., Saritas, E. U., Croft, L. R., Kim, T. N., Krishnan, K. M., Schaffer, D. V. and Conolly, S. M. (2012), X-Space MPI: Magnetic Nanoparticles for Safe Medical Imaging. Adv. Mater., 24: 3870–3877. doi: 10.1002/adma.201200221
Choi, J.-S. et al. A hybrid nanoparticle probe for dual-modality positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 6259–6262 (2008)