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Chapter 1
Psychological Science
Descriptive Research
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Types of Psychological Research
Descriptive ResearchCorrelational ResearchExperimental Research
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Types of Psychological Research
Descriptive ResearchCorrelational ResearchExperimental Research
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Types of Psychological Research
Descriptive ResearchSurveyCase StudyNaturalistic Observation
Correlational ResearchExperimental Research
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Description
Survey Commonly used in both descriptive and
correlational research technique for gathering the self-reported
attitudes or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative, random
sample of people from a defined population
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Aspects of A Survey
Population all the cases in a group, from which samples may be
drawn for a study
Sampling How respondents are selected may affect the
outcome of a survey A Random Sample is a sample that fairly represents a
population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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Aspects of A Survey
Wording Effect How a question is worded and framed may
affect the outcome of a survey False Consensus Effect
tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
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When wording effect attacks!
End Women’s Suffrage!
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Since 9% said that Nader was the only candidate worth voting for, one would have expected him to get at least 9% of the vote in the 2000 election. He only got about 3%. What happened?
There was a biased statistic because the sample wasn't randomly drawn from the population. A disproportionate number of Nader supporters participated in the poll in order to make him appear more viable as a candidate.
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Can we conclude that United, American, and Delta are the worst airlines and Alaska, Southwest, and Continental are the best?
Solution: No. The airlines that had the most complaints also had the most passengers.
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This clipping from US News and World Report on 1/29/01 suggests that Alaskans are terrible parents. Is this true?
Solution: The difference in the abuse rates probably stems from different definitions for abuse in the various states. For example, Alaska (the "worst" state) says that a child is abused if his or her health or welfare is harmed or threatened. Pennsylvania (the "best" state) defines it as a recent act or failure to act.
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Can we conclude from the following diagram that it's safer to drive while under the influence?
Solution: No. Drunk drivers have a fatality risk 7.66 times the norm, while non-drunk drivers have a risk only about .6 of the norm. Only a very small percentage of drivers in New York City drive while under the influence, but they account for a disproportionate number of accidents.
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The following statistics suggest that 16-year-olds are safer drivers than people in their twenties, and that octogenarians are very safe. Is this true?
Solution: No. As the following graph shows, the reason 16-year-old and octogenarians appear to be safe drivers is that they don't drive nearly as much as people in other age groups.
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Surveys
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Description
Case Study Psychologists
study one or more individuals in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all
Is language uniquely human?
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Description
Naturalistic Observation observing and
recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation