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Chapter 1Chapter 1Introduction to ChemistryIntroduction to Chemistry
Hingham High SchoolHingham High School
Mr. Dan CluneMr. Dan Clune
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Section 1.1Section 1.1ChemistryChemistry
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What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?The study of “matter”, its The study of “matter”, its
composition, properties, and the composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes. Everyday changes it undergoes. Everyday life?life?
»Applied ChemistryApplied Chemistry »Pure chemistryPure chemistry
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What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?
Applied Chemistry:Applied Chemistry: is using chemistry to is using chemistry to attain certain goals, in attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, fields like medicine, agriculture, and agriculture, and manufacturingmanufacturing
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Applied Chemistry:Applied Chemistry:
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What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?Pure chemistry-Pure chemistry- gathers knowledge for the gathers knowledge for the
sake of knowledgesake of knowledge
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5 Major Areas of Chemistry5 Major Areas of ChemistryAnalytical ChemistryAnalytical ChemistryOrganic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryInorganic ChemistryInorganic ChemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryPhysical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry
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Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Chemistryconcerned with the concerned with the
composition of substances.composition of substances.
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Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry essentially all substances essentially all substances
containing carboncontaining carbon
C
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Inorganic ChemistryInorganic Chemistry primarily deals with primarily deals with
substances without carbonsubstances without carbon
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BiochemistryBiochemistryChemistry of living thingsChemistry of living things
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Physical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry describes the behavior of describes the behavior of
chemicals.chemicals.
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Section 1-2Section 1-2Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide
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Chemistry isChemistry is
central to modern science, and to central to modern science, and to almost all human endeavors.almost all human endeavors.
important to all sciences - biology, important to all sciences - biology, geology, physics, engineers, etc.geology, physics, engineers, etc.
a natural science.a natural science.a language with its own vocabulary.a language with its own vocabulary.a way of thinking.a way of thinking.
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Why Study Chemistry?Why Study Chemistry?everyone and everything around us everyone and everything around us
involves chemistryinvolves chemistryWhat in the world isn’t Chemistry?What in the world isn’t Chemistry?helps you make choiceshelps you make choicespossible career for your futurepossible career for your futureused to attain a specific goalused to attain a specific goalDo you remember “pure” and Do you remember “pure” and
“applied” chemistry?“applied” chemistry?
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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide
Materials-Materials- perfume, steel, perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, ceramics, plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick cooking paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester fibersutensils, polyester fibers
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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide
Energy-Energy- greater demands greater demands
–conserve itconserve it
– produce moreproduce more
–fossil fuels, solar, fossil fuels, solar, batteries, nuclear (don’t batteries, nuclear (don’t forget pollution!)forget pollution!)
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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and WideMedicine and Biotechnology-Medicine and Biotechnology-
–vitamin C, penicillin, aspirinvitamin C, penicillin, aspirin
–materials for artery transplants materials for artery transplants and hipbonesand hipbones
–Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome Project
–bacteria producing insulinbacteria producing insulin
–cloningcloning
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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide
Agriculture- world’s food Agriculture- world’s food supplysupply
–plant growth hormonesplant growth hormones
–ways to protect cropsways to protect crops
–disease resistant plantsdisease resistant plants
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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide
The Environment-The Environment- both both risks and benefits involved risks and benefits involved in discoveriesin discoveries
–carbon dioxide, ozone, carbon dioxide, ozone, warmingwarming
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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide
Astronomy and Space ExplorationAstronomy and Space Exploration
–composition of the planetscomposition of the planets
–analyze moon rocksanalyze moon rocks
–planet atmospheresplanet atmospheres
–life on other planets?life on other planets?
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Section 1.3Section 1.3Thinking Like a ScientistThinking Like a Scientist
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The Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodA logical approach to solving A logical approach to solving
problems or answering questions.problems or answering questions.Starts with Starts with observationobservation- noting and - noting and
recording factsrecording factshypothesishypothesis- an - an educatededucated guess as guess as
to the cause of the problem, or a to the cause of the problem, or a proposed explanationproposed explanation
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Scientific MethodScientific Method ““controlled” controlled” experimentexperiment- designed to - designed to
test the hypothesistest the hypothesisonly two possible answersonly two possible answers
–hypothesis is righthypothesis is right
–hypothesis is wronghypothesis is wrongGenerates data observations from Generates data observations from
experiments.experiments.Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycleModify hypothesis - repeat the cycle
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Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment
Cycle repeats many Cycle repeats many times.times.
The hypothesis gets The hypothesis gets more and more more and more certain.certain.
Becomes a Becomes a theorytheory
–A thoroughly tested A thoroughly tested model that explains model that explains whywhy things behave things behave a certain way.a certain way.
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Theory can never be Theory can never be proven- due to new proven- due to new informationinformation
Useful because they Useful because they predict behaviorpredict behavior
Help us form mental Help us form mental pictures of processes pictures of processes ((modelsmodels))
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment
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Another outcome is Another outcome is that certain behavior is that certain behavior is repeated many timesrepeated many times
Scientific LawScientific Law is is developed (math?)developed (math?)
Describes Describes howhow things things behave behave
Law- tells howLaw- tells howTheory- tells whyTheory- tells why
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment
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Law
Theory(Model)
Prediction
Experiment
Modify
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment
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Scientific TheoryScientific Theory
A Scientific TheoryScientific Theory is an explanation based on many observations supported by
experimental results.
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Scientific LawScientific Law
A Scientific LawScientific Law is a rule of nature that sums up related
observations and experimental results to describe a pattern in
nature.
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ExperimentExperiment
An ExperimentExperiment is an organized procedure for testing a hypothesis.
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Parts of the ExperimentParts of the Experiment
Control Group
Experimental Group
Constant
ManipulatedVariable
Responding
Variable
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ExperimentExperiment
Will Aspirin prevent heart attacks?
Aspirin
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Scientific MethodScientific Method
Problem:Aspirin prevent heart attacks?
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Scientific MethodScientific Method
Problem:Aspirin prevent heart attacks?
Hypothesis:Aspirin does prevent heart attacks.
Test Hypothesis: Experiment
Analyze Results
Draw Conclusion
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Control GroupControl Group
In an experiment, a standard for comparison that is often
needed to form a meaningful conclusion.
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Experimental GroupExperimental Group
In an experiment, the group that the experiment is
performed on.
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ConstantConstant
In an experiment, the factor that doesn’t change.
Amount of aspirin, food, water, etc…
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Manipulated VariableManipulated Variable
In an experiment, the factor adjusted to a different value by the experimenter to see what
effect it will have on the dependent variable.
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Responding VariableResponding Variable
In an experiment, the factor whose value changes
because of a change in the independent variable.
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Section 1.4Section 1.4How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry
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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study ChemistryUnderstanding and Applying Understanding and Applying
ConceptsConcepts
–requires requires efforteffort on your part on your part
–readread materials carefully materials carefully
–take thorough notes take thorough notes youyou can use can use
–study study oftenoften and and effectivelyeffectively
–quiet, well-lit, remove distractionsquiet, well-lit, remove distractions
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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study ChemistryUnderstanding and Applying Understanding and Applying
ConceptsConcepts
–chemistry has a language of it’s chemistry has a language of it’s own, so learn the own, so learn the vocabularyvocabulary
–look around you, and make the look around you, and make the connection to the level of atoms connection to the level of atoms and moleculesand molecules
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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study ChemistryUsing Your TextbookUsing Your Textbook
–name chemical compoundsname chemical compounds
–write chemical formulaswrite chemical formulas
–interpret graphsinterpret graphs
–techniques to solve problemstechniques to solve problemsUse your Teacher and Textbook!Use your Teacher and Textbook!
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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry Using Your TextbookUsing Your Textbook
–take good notestake good notes
–solve Practice Problemssolve Practice Problems
–read, keeping objectives in mindread, keeping objectives in mind
–Student Study Guide (p. 33)Student Study Guide (p. 33)
–section summaries; Key Termssection summaries; Key Terms
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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study ChemistryOn Your OwnOn Your Own
–go beyond the textbookgo beyond the textbook
–make flashcardsmake flashcards
–reread and rewrite notesreread and rewrite notes
–quiz yourself and classmatesquiz yourself and classmates
–form a study groupform a study group
–ASK, ASK, and ASKASK, ASK, and ASK
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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study ChemistryTests and QuizzesTests and Quizzes
–cramming never a good ideacramming never a good idea
–set aside a certain amount of time set aside a certain amount of time everyevery day day
–get enough rest daily; nutrition, Hget enough rest daily; nutrition, H22OO
–read tests carefully / thoroughlyread tests carefully / thoroughly
–do easy problems firstdo easy problems first
–show work, and evaluate answershow work, and evaluate answer